Knelstrom Intelligence · World Factbook
Peru
República del Perú
CapitalLima
Population34,576,665
GDP$334.9bn
Area1,285,216 km²
RegionLatin America & Caribbean
Data sources current · last checked September 20, 2026 2:11 am
Country facts
Overview
Background
Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peru declared its independence in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces were defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980 but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, an economic slump and the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his resignation in 2000.
A caretaker government oversaw a new election in 2001 that installed Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique as the new head of government - Peru's first democratically elected president of indigenous ethnicity. The presidential election of 2006 saw the return of Alan GARCIA Perez who, after a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to 1990, presided over a robust economic rebound. Former army officer Ollanta HUMALA Tasso was elected president in 2011 and carried on the market-oriented economic policies of the three preceding administrations. Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard won a very narrow runoff in the 2016 presidential election. Facing impeachment after evidence surfaced of his involvement in a vote-buying scandal, KUCZYNSKI offered his resignation in 2018, and First Vice President Martin Alberto VIZCARRA Cornejo was sworn in as president. In 2019, VIZCARRA invoked his constitutional authority to dissolve Peru's Congress after months of battling with the body over anticorruption reforms. New congressional elections in 2020 resulted in an opposition-led legislature. The Congress impeached VIZCARRA for a second time and removed him from office after accusations of corruption and mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic. Because of vacancies in the vice-presidential positions, the President of the Peruvian Congress, Manuel MERINO, became the next president. His ascension to office was not well received, and large protests forced his resignation later in 2020. Francisco SAGASTI assumed the position of President of Peru after being appointed President of the Congress the previous day. Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones won presidential election in 2021 but was impeached and ousted the following year; his vice president, Dina BOLUARTE, assumed the presidency by constitutional succession in 2022.
Reference: 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019A caretaker government oversaw a new election in 2001 that installed Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique as the new head of government - Peru's first democratically elected president of indigenous ethnicity. The presidential election of 2006 saw the return of Alan GARCIA Perez who, after a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to 1990, presided over a robust economic rebound. Former army officer Ollanta HUMALA Tasso was elected president in 2011 and carried on the market-oriented economic policies of the three preceding administrations. Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard won a very narrow runoff in the 2016 presidential election. Facing impeachment after evidence surfaced of his involvement in a vote-buying scandal, KUCZYNSKI offered his resignation in 2018, and First Vice President Martin Alberto VIZCARRA Cornejo was sworn in as president. In 2019, VIZCARRA invoked his constitutional authority to dissolve Peru's Congress after months of battling with the body over anticorruption reforms. New congressional elections in 2020 resulted in an opposition-led legislature. The Congress impeached VIZCARRA for a second time and removed him from office after accusations of corruption and mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic. Because of vacancies in the vice-presidential positions, the President of the Peruvian Congress, Manuel MERINO, became the next president. His ascension to office was not well received, and large protests forced his resignation later in 2020. Francisco SAGASTI assumed the position of President of Peru after being appointed President of the Congress the previous day. Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones won presidential election in 2021 but was impeached and ousted the following year; his vice president, Dina BOLUARTE, assumed the presidency by constitutional succession in 2022.
Geography
Location
Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador
Map references
South America
Area
total: 1,285,216 sq km
land: 1,279,996 sq km
water: 5,220 sq km
land: 1,279,996 sq km
water: 5,220 sq km
Area - comparative
almost twice the size of Texas; slightly smaller than Alaska
Land boundaries
total: 7,062 km
border countries: Bolivia 1,212 km; Brazil 2,659 km; Chile 168 km; Colombia 1,494 km; Ecuador 1,529 km
border countries: Bolivia 1,212 km; Brazil 2,659 km; Chile 168 km; Colombia 1,494 km; Ecuador 1,529 km
Coastline
2,414 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 200 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claim
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm
Climate
varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes
Terrain
western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
Elevation
highest point: Nevado Huascaran 6,746 m
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
mean elevation: 1,555 m
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
mean elevation: 1,555 m
Natural resources
copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas
Land use
agricultural land: 19.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 3.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 14.2% (2023 est.)
forest: 52.9% (2023 est.)
other: 28% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 3.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 14.2% (2023 est.)
forest: 52.9% (2023 est.)
other: 28% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
25,800 sq km (2012)
Reference: 2012Major lakes (area sq km)
fresh water lake(s): Lago Titicaca (shared with Bolivia) - 8,030 sq km
Major rivers (by length in km)
Amazon river source (shared with Brazil [m]) - 6,400 km
note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km)
Major aquifers
Amazon Basin
Population distribution
approximately one third of the population resides along the desert coastal belt in the west, with a strong focus on the capital city of Lima; the Andean highlands, or sierra, contain roughly half of the population; the eastern slopes of the Andes and adjoining rainforest are sparsely populated
Natural hazards
earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity
volcanism: volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains; Ubinas (5,672 m) is the country's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes include El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, and Yucamane; see note 2 under "Geography - note"
volcanism: volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains; Ubinas (5,672 m) is the country's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes include El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, and Yucamane; see note 2 under "Geography - note"
Geography - note
note 1: shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316-m (17,441-ft) peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River
note 2: Peru is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes and up to 90% of the world's earthquakes
note 3: on 19 February 1600, Mount Huaynaputina in the southern Peruvian Andes erupted in the largest volcanic explosion in South America in historical times; intermittent eruptions lasted until 5 March 1600 and pumped an estimated 16 to 32 million metric tons of particulates into the atmosphere, reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the earth's surface and affecting weather worldwide; over the next two-and-a-half years, millions died around the globe in famines from bitterly cold winters, cool summers, and the loss of crops and animals
note 2: Peru is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes and up to 90% of the world's earthquakes
note 3: on 19 February 1600, Mount Huaynaputina in the southern Peruvian Andes erupted in the largest volcanic explosion in South America in historical times; intermittent eruptions lasted until 5 March 1600 and pumped an estimated 16 to 32 million metric tons of particulates into the atmosphere, reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the earth's surface and affecting weather worldwide; over the next two-and-a-half years, millions died around the globe in famines from bitterly cold winters, cool summers, and the loss of crops and animals
Population & Society
Nationality
noun: Peruvian(s)
adjective: Peruvian
adjective: Peruvian
Ethnic groups
Mestizo (mixed Indigenous and White) 60.2%, Indigenous 25.8%, White 5.9%, African descent 3.6%, other (includes Chinese and Japanese descent) 1.2%, unspecified 3.3% (2017 est.)
Reference: 2017Languages
Languages: Spanish (official) 82.9%, Quechua (official) 13.6%, Aymara (official) 1.6%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes many minor Amazonian languages) 0.8%, other 0.2%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.7% (2017 est.)
major-language sample(s): La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Reference: 2017major-language sample(s): La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Catholic 76%, Evangelical Christian 15.7%, no religion 5.1%, other religions 3.2% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Age structure
0-14 years: 25.8% (male 4,293,229/female 4,119,269)
15-64 years: 66.2% (male 10,546,502/female 11,041,106)
65 years and over: 8% (2024 est.) (male 1,112,825/female 1,487,318)
Reference: 202415-64 years: 66.2% (male 10,546,502/female 11,041,106)
65 years and over: 8% (2024 est.) (male 1,112,825/female 1,487,318)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 51 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 39 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 12 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 8.3 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024youth dependency ratio: 39 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 12 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 8.3 (2024 est.)
Median age
total: 30.2 years (2024 est.)
male: 29.1 years
female: 31.3 years
Reference: 2024male: 29.1 years
female: 31.3 years
Population growth rate
0.48% (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Birth rate
16.7 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Death rate
10.9 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Population distribution
approximately one third of the population resides along the desert coastal belt in the west, with a strong focus on the capital city of Lima; the Andean highlands, or sierra, contain roughly half of the population; the eastern slopes of the Andes and adjoining rainforest are sparsely populated
Major urban areas - population
11.204 million LIMA (capital), 959,000 Arequipa, 904,000 Trujillo (2023)
Reference: 2023Sex ratio
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Reference: 20240-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
21.9 years (2013 est.)
note: note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49
Reference: 2013note: note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49
Maternal mortality ratio
51 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Gross reproduction rate
1.05 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Drinking water source
improved: urban: urban: 97.5% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 84.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 94.8% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 2.5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 15.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 5.2% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 84.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 94.8% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 2.5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 15.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 5.2% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 6.2% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 16.7% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 16.7% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
1.69 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Reference: 2023Hospital bed density
1.6 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Reference: 2021Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: urban: 94.1% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 65.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 88.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 5.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 34.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 11.9% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 65.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 88.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 5.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 34.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 11.9% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
19.7% (2016)
Reference: 2016Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 5.74 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 3.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.26 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019beer: 3.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.26 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use
total: 5.7% (2025 est.)
male: 9.5% (2025 est.)
female: 2.1% (2025 est.)
male: 9.5% (2025 est.)
female: 2.1% (2025 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
2.7% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Currently married women (ages 15-49)
51.2% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Child marriage
women married by age 15: 2% (2020)
women married by age 18: 14.1% (2020)
Reference: 2020women married by age 18: 14.1% (2020)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 15 years (2017 est.)
male: 15 years (2017 est.)
female: 15 years (2017 est.)
Reference: 2017male: 15 years (2017 est.)
female: 15 years (2017 est.)
Migration & Displacement
Immigrant/emigrant stock measures the number of international migrants resident in, or originating from, the country; it is not the same as annual immigration/emigration flows.
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 546,699 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 83,441 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 32 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024IDPs: 83,441 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 32 (2024 est.)
Government & Politics
| Office | Holder | Affiliation | From | Status | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Head of state | Keiko Fujimori | — | 2026-07-28 | Current | Reported |
Country name
conventional long form: Republic of Peru
conventional short form: Peru
local long form: República del Perú
local short form: Perú
etymology: the name may derive from the Guarani word biru, meaning "river"
conventional short form: Peru
local long form: República del Perú
local short form: Perú
etymology: the name may derive from the Guarani word biru, meaning "river"
Capital
name: Lima
geographic coordinates: 12 03 S, 77 03 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: the name is an early Spanish mispronunciation of the Quechua name Rimak, referring to a god and deriving from the word rima (to speak); Quechua priests used to speak to worshippers from inside statues of their gods
geographic coordinates: 12 03 S, 77 03 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: the name is an early Spanish mispronunciation of the Quechua name Rimak, referring to a god and deriving from the word rima (to speak); Quechua priests used to speak to worshippers from inside statues of their gods
Administrative divisions
24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento), 1 province* (provincia), and 1 constitutional province** (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao**, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huánuco, Ica, Junín, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali
Legal system
civil law system
Constitution
history: several previous; latest promulgated 29 December 1993, enacted 31 December 1993
amendment process: proposed by Congress, by the president of the republic with the approval of the Council of Ministers or by petition of at least 0.3% of voters; passage requires absolute majority approval by the Congress membership, followed by approval in a referendum; a referendum is not required if Congress approves the amendment by greater than two-thirds majority vote in each of two successive sessions
Reference: 1993amendment process: proposed by Congress, by the president of the republic with the approval of the Council of Ministers or by petition of at least 0.3% of voters; passage requires absolute majority approval by the Congress membership, followed by approval in a referendum; a referendum is not required if Congress approves the amendment by greater than two-thirds majority vote in each of two successive sessions
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: yes
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 2 years
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 2 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70
Executive branch
chief of state: President José Enrique JERÍ Oré (since 10 October 2025)
head of government: President José Enrique JERÍ Oré (since 10 October 2025)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive terms)
most recent election date: 11 April 2021, with a runoff on 6 June 2021
election results: 2021: Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones (PL) 18.9%, Keiko Sofia FUJIMORI Higuchi (FP) 13.4%, Rafael LOPEZ ALIAGA Cazorla (RP) 11.8%, Hernando DE SOTO Polar (Social Integration Party) 11.6%, Yonhy LESCANO Ancieta (AP) 9.1%, Veronika MENDOZA Frisch (JP) 7.9%, Cesar ACUNA Peralta (APP) 6%, George FORSYTH Sommer (VN) 5.7%, Daniel Belizario URRESTI Elera (PP) 5.6%, other 10%; percent of vote second round - Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones 50.1%, Keiko Sofia FUJIMORI Higuchi 49.9%
2016: Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi (FP) 39.9%, Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard (PPK) 21.1%, Veronika MENDOZA (FA) 18.7%, Alfredo BARNECHEA (AP) 7%, Alan GARCIA (APRA) 5.8%, other 7.5%; percent of vote in second round - Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard 50.1%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 49.9%
expected date of next election: 12 April 2026
note: note 1: First Vice President Dina Ercilia BOLUARTE Zegarra assumed the office of the president on 7 December 2022 after President Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones was impeached and arrested; on 10 October 2025, the president of the Congress, José Enrique JERÍ Oré, was sworn in as the new president after Congress overwhelmingly voted to remove BOLUARTE from office
note 2: Prime Minister Ernesto ÁLVAREZ (since 14 October 2025) does not exercise executive power; this power rests with the president
note 3: the president is both chief of state and head of government
Reference: 2026, 2025, 2022, 2021head of government: President José Enrique JERÍ Oré (since 10 October 2025)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive terms)
most recent election date: 11 April 2021, with a runoff on 6 June 2021
election results: 2021: Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones (PL) 18.9%, Keiko Sofia FUJIMORI Higuchi (FP) 13.4%, Rafael LOPEZ ALIAGA Cazorla (RP) 11.8%, Hernando DE SOTO Polar (Social Integration Party) 11.6%, Yonhy LESCANO Ancieta (AP) 9.1%, Veronika MENDOZA Frisch (JP) 7.9%, Cesar ACUNA Peralta (APP) 6%, George FORSYTH Sommer (VN) 5.7%, Daniel Belizario URRESTI Elera (PP) 5.6%, other 10%; percent of vote second round - Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones 50.1%, Keiko Sofia FUJIMORI Higuchi 49.9%
2016: Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi (FP) 39.9%, Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard (PPK) 21.1%, Veronika MENDOZA (FA) 18.7%, Alfredo BARNECHEA (AP) 7%, Alan GARCIA (APRA) 5.8%, other 7.5%; percent of vote in second round - Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard 50.1%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 49.9%
expected date of next election: 12 April 2026
note: note 1: First Vice President Dina Ercilia BOLUARTE Zegarra assumed the office of the president on 7 December 2022 after President Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones was impeached and arrested; on 10 October 2025, the president of the Congress, José Enrique JERÍ Oré, was sworn in as the new president after Congress overwhelmingly voted to remove BOLUARTE from office
note 2: Prime Minister Ernesto ÁLVAREZ (since 14 October 2025) does not exercise executive power; this power rests with the president
note 3: the president is both chief of state and head of government
Legislative branch
legislature name: Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la República)
legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 130 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 4/11/2021
parties elected and seats per party: Free Peru (PL) (37); Popular Force (FP) (24); Popular Action (AP) (16); Alliance for Progress (APP) (15); Go on Country - Social Integration Party (AvP) (10); Popular Renewal (RP) (9); We Are Peru" (SP) - Purple Party (PM) (9); Other (10)
percentage of women in chamber: 41.5%
expected date of next election: April 2026
Reference: 2026, 2021legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 130 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 4/11/2021
parties elected and seats per party: Free Peru (PL) (37); Popular Force (FP) (24); Popular Action (AP) (16); Alliance for Progress (APP) (15); Go on Country - Social Integration Party (AvP) (10); Popular Renewal (RP) (9); We Are Peru" (SP) - Purple Party (PM) (9); Other (10)
percentage of women in chamber: 41.5%
expected date of next election: April 2026
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of 16 judges and divided into civil, criminal, and constitutional-social sectors)
judge selection and term of office: justices proposed by the National Board of Justice (a 7-member independent body), nominated by the president, and confirmed by the Congress; justices can serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
subordinate courts: Court of Constitutional Guarantees; Superior Courts or Cortes Superiores; specialized civil, criminal, and mixed courts; 2 types of peace courts in which professional judges and selected members of the local communities preside
judge selection and term of office: justices proposed by the National Board of Justice (a 7-member independent body), nominated by the president, and confirmed by the Congress; justices can serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
subordinate courts: Court of Constitutional Guarantees; Superior Courts or Cortes Superiores; specialized civil, criminal, and mixed courts; 2 types of peace courts in which professional judges and selected members of the local communities preside
Political parties
Advance the Nation (Avanza País) or AvP
Alliance for Progress (Alianza para el Progreso) or APP
Broad Front (Frente Amplio) or FA
Free Peru (Perú Libre) or PL
Front for Hope (Frente Esperanza)
Magisterial Block of National Concentration (Bloque Magisterial de Concertación Nacional) or BMCN
National Victory (Victoria Nacional) or VN
Peru Bicentennial (Perú Bicentenario) or PB
Popular Action (Acción Popular) or AP
Popular Force (Fuerza Popular) or FP
Popular Renewal (Renovación Popular) or RP
Purple Party (Partido Morado)
Social Integration Party (Avanza País - Partido de Integración Social)
Together For Perú (Juntos por el Peru) or JP
We Are Peru (Somos Perú) of SP
We Can Peru (Podemos Perú) or PP
Alliance for Progress (Alianza para el Progreso) or APP
Broad Front (Frente Amplio) or FA
Free Peru (Perú Libre) or PL
Front for Hope (Frente Esperanza)
Magisterial Block of National Concentration (Bloque Magisterial de Concertación Nacional) or BMCN
National Victory (Victoria Nacional) or VN
Peru Bicentennial (Perú Bicentenario) or PB
Popular Action (Acción Popular) or AP
Popular Force (Fuerza Popular) or FP
Popular Renewal (Renovación Popular) or RP
Purple Party (Partido Morado)
Social Integration Party (Avanza País - Partido de Integración Social)
Together For Perú (Juntos por el Peru) or JP
We Are Peru (Somos Perú) of SP
We Can Peru (Podemos Perú) or PP
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Alfredo Santiago Carlos FERRERO DIEZ CANSECO (since 27 February 2024)
chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 833-9860
FAX: [1] (202) 659-8124
email address and website: Webadmin@embassyofperu.us
Embassy of Peru in the United States - E-United States - Platform of the Peruvian State (www.gob.pe)
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (NJ), San Francisco
Reference: 2024chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 833-9860
FAX: [1] (202) 659-8124
email address and website: Webadmin@embassyofperu.us
Embassy of Peru in the United States - E-United States - Platform of the Peruvian State (www.gob.pe)
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (NJ), San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Joan PERKINS (since 18 April 2025)
embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33
mailing address: 3230 Lima Place, Washington DC 20521-3230
telephone: [51] (1) 618-2000
FAX: [51] (1) 618-2724
email address and website: lima_webmaster@state.gov
https://pe.usembassy.gov/
Reference: 2025, 2000embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33
mailing address: 3230 Lima Place, Washington DC 20521-3230
telephone: [51] (1) 618-2000
FAX: [51] (1) 618-2724
email address and website: lima_webmaster@state.gov
https://pe.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
AIIB, APEC, BIS, CAN, CD, CELAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, PCA, PROSUR, SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Independence
28 July 1821 (from Spain)
National holiday
Independence Day, 28-29 July (1821)
Flag
description: three equal vertical bands of red (left side), white, and red, with the coat of arms centered on the white band; the coat of arms has a shield with a vicuna, a cinchona tree, and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins
meaning: the vicuna represents fauna, the cinchona tree is the source of quinine, and the cornucopia symbolizes mineral wealth; red stands for blood shed for independence, and white for peace
meaning: the vicuna represents fauna, the cinchona tree is the source of quinine, and the cornucopia symbolizes mineral wealth; red stands for blood shed for independence, and white for peace
National symbol(s)
vicuna (a camelid related to the llama)
National color(s)
red, white
National anthem(s)
title: "Himno Nacional del Peru" (National Anthem of Peru)
lyrics/music: Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO
history: adopted 1821
lyrics/music: Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO
history: adopted 1821
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites: 13 (9 cultural, 2 natural, 2 mixed)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Cuzco (c); Machu Picchu (m); Chavin (c); Historic Lima (c); Huascarán National Park (n); Chan Chan (c); Manú National Park (n); Lines and Geoglyphs of Nazca (c); Rio Abiseo National Park (m); Historic Arequipa (c); Sacred City of Caral-Supe (c); Qhapaq Ñan/Andean Road System (c)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Cuzco (c); Machu Picchu (m); Chavin (c); Historic Lima (c); Huascarán National Park (n); Chan Chan (c); Manú National Park (n); Lines and Geoglyphs of Nazca (c); Rio Abiseo National Park (m); Historic Arequipa (c); Sacred City of Caral-Supe (c); Qhapaq Ñan/Andean Road System (c)
Government & Official Links
| Institution | Official website | X / Twitter | Verification |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peru official website | Official website | — | Reported · source Checked September 20, 2026 |
Institutional accounts only; personal accounts of political office-holders are excluded.
Legislature & Elections
Legislature
| Name | Chamber | Seats | Electoral system |
|---|---|---|---|
| Congress of the Republic of Peru | — | 130 | — |
Economy
Economic overview
upper-middle-income South American economy; strong post-COVID rebound tempered by political uncertainty and climate risks; exports driven by mineral extraction and agriculture; large informal sector and uneven access to public services; stable fiscal position and financial sector
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $535.911 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $518.771 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $520.872 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $518.771 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $520.872 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2024: $15,700 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $15,300 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $15,600 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP per capita 2023: $15,300 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $15,600 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 6.1% (2024 est.)
industry: 32.2% (2024 est.)
services: 52.7% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Reference: 2024industry: 32.2% (2024 est.)
services: 52.7% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption: 61.6% (2024 est.)
government consumption: 13.4% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 20.8% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories: -1.4% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services: 28.5% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services: -22.9% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Reference: 2024government consumption: 13.4% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 20.8% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories: -1.4% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services: 28.5% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services: -22.9% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
sugarcane, potatoes, rice, bananas, milk, maize, chicken, oil palm fruit, cassava, grapes (2023)
note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Reference: 2023note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
mining and refining of minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction; fishing and fish processing, cement, glass, textiles, clothing, food processing, beer, soft drinks, rubber, machinery, electrical machinery, chemicals, furniture
Industrial production growth rate
3.1% (2024 est.)
note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Reference: 2024note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Labor force
18.918 million (2024 est.)
note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Reference: 2024note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 8.8% (2024 est.)
male: 7.9% (2024 est.)
female: 9.8% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Reference: 2024male: 7.9% (2024 est.)
female: 9.8% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Population below poverty line
27.5% (2022 est.)
note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Reference: 2022note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2023: 40.7 (2023 est.)
note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Reference: 2023note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Average household expenditures
on food: 26.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 2.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023on alcohol and tobacco: 2.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 2% (2023 est.)
highest 10%: 30.6% (2023 est.)
note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Reference: 2023highest 10%: 30.6% (2023 est.)
note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances
Remittances 2023: 1.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 1.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2021: 1.6% of GDP (2021 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Reference: 2023, 2022, 2021Remittances 2022: 1.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2021: 1.6% of GDP (2021 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget
revenues: $48.003 billion (2021 est.)
expenditures: $55.34 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Reference: 2021expenditures: $55.34 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Public debt
Public debt 2021: 35.2% of GDP (2021 est.)
note: note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Reference: 2021note: note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Taxes and other revenues
15.9% (of GDP) (2021 est.)
note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Reference: 2021note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: $6.39 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: $881.934 million (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$9.972 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Current account balance 2023: $881.934 million (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$9.972 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2024: $83.325 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $72.97 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $71.39 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Exports 2023: $72.97 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $71.39 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
China 34%, USA 14%, Canada 5%, India 4%, Switzerland 4% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
copper ore, gold, refined copper, refined petroleum, grapes (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2024: $67.16 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $63.776 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $69.936 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Imports 2023: $63.776 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $69.936 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
China 26%, USA 21%, Brazil 7%, Argentina 5%, Mexico 3% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, crude petroleum, cars, trucks, broadcasting equipment (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $79.246 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $71.394 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $72.328 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $71.394 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $72.328 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Debt - external
Debt - external 2023: $38.102 billion (2023 est.)
note: note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Exchange rates
Currency: nuevo sol (PEN) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2023: 3.744 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 3.835 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 3.881 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 3.495 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2019: 3.337 (2019 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020Exchange rates 2023: 3.744 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 3.835 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 3.881 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 3.495 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2019: 3.337 (2019 est.)
Trade
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: $6.39 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: $881.934 million (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$9.972 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Current account balance 2023: $881.934 million (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$9.972 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2024: $83.325 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $72.97 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $71.39 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Exports 2023: $72.97 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $71.39 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
China 34%, USA 14%, Canada 5%, India 4%, Switzerland 4% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
copper ore, gold, refined copper, refined petroleum, grapes (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2024: $67.16 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $63.776 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $69.936 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Imports 2023: $63.776 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $69.936 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
China 26%, USA 21%, Brazil 7%, Argentina 5%, Mexico 3% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, crude petroleum, cars, trucks, broadcasting equipment (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Energy & Resources
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 16.164 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 53.3 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 47.696 million kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 6.638 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 53.3 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 47.696 million kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 6.638 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 44.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 3.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 49.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023solar: 1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 3.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 49.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Coal
production: 1.382 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption: 973,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 1.261 million metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 446,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 1.567 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 973,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 1.261 million metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 446,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 1.567 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
total petroleum production: 118,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 255,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 858.89 million barrels (2021 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2021refined petroleum consumption: 255,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 858.89 million barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas
production: 14.647 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption: 9.675 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 4.883 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 300.159 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2021consumption: 9.675 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 4.883 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 300.159 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 30.923 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Infrastructure
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 1.504 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 4 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 4 (2023 est.)
Health
Maternal mortality ratio
51 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 6.2% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 16.7% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 16.7% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
1.69 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Reference: 2023Hospital bed density
1.6 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Reference: 2021Obesity - adult prevalence rate
19.7% (2016)
Reference: 2016Tobacco use
total: 5.7% (2025 est.)
male: 9.5% (2025 est.)
female: 2.1% (2025 est.)
male: 9.5% (2025 est.)
female: 2.1% (2025 est.)
Education
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 15 years (2017 est.)
male: 15 years (2017 est.)
female: 15 years (2017 est.)
Reference: 2017male: 15 years (2017 est.)
female: 15 years (2017 est.)
Rights, Freedoms & Society
Press & Media Freedom
V-Dem expert-coded/modelled source measures. Knelstrom does not create a press-freedom ranking or composite score.
LGBTQ+ Rights & Law
Concrete legal-status fields only; Knelstrom does not generate an LGBTQ rights score or country ranking.
Source: Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory (CC BY-SA 4.0). Community-edited legal-status summary; retrieved by Knelstrom and not legal advice.
Crime & Justice
Legal system
civil law system
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of 16 judges and divided into civil, criminal, and constitutional-social sectors)
judge selection and term of office: justices proposed by the National Board of Justice (a 7-member independent body), nominated by the president, and confirmed by the Congress; justices can serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
subordinate courts: Court of Constitutional Guarantees; Superior Courts or Cortes Superiores; specialized civil, criminal, and mixed courts; 2 types of peace courts in which professional judges and selected members of the local communities preside
judge selection and term of office: justices proposed by the National Board of Justice (a 7-member independent body), nominated by the president, and confirmed by the Congress; justices can serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
subordinate courts: Court of Constitutional Guarantees; Superior Courts or Cortes Superiores; specialized civil, criminal, and mixed courts; 2 types of peace courts in which professional judges and selected members of the local communities preside
Military & Security
Military and security forces
Armed Forces of Peru (Fuerzas Armadas del Perú or FAP): Peruvian Army (Ejercito del Peru), Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru, MGP, includes naval infantry and General Directorate of Captaincies and Coast Guards, DICAPI), Air Force of Peru (Fuerza Aerea del Peru, FAP)
Ministry of the Interior: Peruvian National Police (Policía Nacional del Perú, PNP) (2025)
Ministry of the Interior: Peruvian National Police (Policía Nacional del Perú, PNP) (2025)
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2024: 0.8% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 1.1% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2020: 1.2% of GDP (2020 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Military Expenditures 2023: 1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 1.1% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2020: 1.2% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
information varies; approximately 85,000 active-duty Armed Forces (50,000 Army; 25,000 Navy; 10,000 Air Force); approximately 75,000 National Police (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military has a broad mix of mostly older but some more modern equipment from a range of suppliers, including Brazil, China, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and the former Soviet Union, South Korea, and the US; some deliveries have been secondhand weapons systems; Peru has a small defense industry, including a shipyard that builds and upgrades naval vessels; it also has defense industrial cooperation agreements with several countries, including Russia, South Korea, Spain, and the US (2024)
Reference: 2024Military service age and obligation
18-30 years of age for voluntary military service (12 months) (2024)
note: note: as of 2024, women made up about 11% of the active-duty military
Reference: 2024note: note: as of 2024, women made up about 11% of the active-duty military
Military deployments
225 Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (2024)
Reference: 2024Military - note
the Peruvian Armed Forces (FAP) are responsible for external defense in addition to some domestic security responsibilities in designated emergency areas and in exceptional circumstances; key areas of focus include counterinsurgency, counternarcotics, cyber defense, disaster relief, and maritime security operations; the FAP supported the police during anti-government protests in early 2023; it has contributed to UN missions since 1958 and has ties to regional militaries, particularly Colombia, as well as those of numerous other countries such as China, Russia, Spain, and the US; the FAP’s last external conflict was a brief border war with Ecuador in 1995
the Special Command of the Valley of the Apurimac, Ene, and Mantaro rivers (CE-VRAEM) is responsible for combating the remnants of the Shining Path terrorist group (aka Sendero Luminoso) and includes several thousand air, ground, naval, police, and special forces personnel; the FAP also provides aircraft, vehicles, and logistical support to the command (2025)
Reference: 2025, 2023, 1995, 1958the Special Command of the Valley of the Apurimac, Ene, and Mantaro rivers (CE-VRAEM) is responsible for combating the remnants of the Shining Path terrorist group (aka Sendero Luminoso) and includes several thousand air, ground, naval, police, and special forces personnel; the FAP also provides aircraft, vehicles, and logistical support to the command (2025)
International Relations
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Alfredo Santiago Carlos FERRERO DIEZ CANSECO (since 27 February 2024)
chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 833-9860
FAX: [1] (202) 659-8124
email address and website: Webadmin@embassyofperu.us
Embassy of Peru in the United States - E-United States - Platform of the Peruvian State (www.gob.pe)
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (NJ), San Francisco
Reference: 2024chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 833-9860
FAX: [1] (202) 659-8124
email address and website: Webadmin@embassyofperu.us
Embassy of Peru in the United States - E-United States - Platform of the Peruvian State (www.gob.pe)
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (NJ), San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Joan PERKINS (since 18 April 2025)
embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33
mailing address: 3230 Lima Place, Washington DC 20521-3230
telephone: [51] (1) 618-2000
FAX: [51] (1) 618-2724
email address and website: lima_webmaster@state.gov
https://pe.usembassy.gov/
Reference: 2025, 2000embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33
mailing address: 3230 Lima Place, Washington DC 20521-3230
telephone: [51] (1) 618-2000
FAX: [51] (1) 618-2724
email address and website: lima_webmaster@state.gov
https://pe.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
AIIB, APEC, BIS, CAN, CD, CELAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, PCA, PROSUR, SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Treaties & Organisations
| Organisation | Status | Joined |
|---|---|---|
| United Nations (UN) | member | 1945-10-31 |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | member | — |
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
International organization participation
AIIB, APEC, BIS, CAN, CD, CELAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, PCA, PROSUR, SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Conflict & Security
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 546,699 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 83,441 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 32 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024IDPs: 83,441 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 32 (2024 est.)
Illicit drugs
USG identification: major illicit drug-producing and/or drug-transit country
major precursor-chemical producer (2025)
major precursor-chemical producer (2025)
Terrorist group(s)
Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso); Tren de Aragua (TdA)
note: note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
note: note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
Transportation & Logistics
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
OB
Airports
174 (2025)
Heliports
7 (2025)
Railways
total: 1,854.4 km (2017)
standard gauge: 1,730.4 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (34 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 124 km (2014) 0.914-m gauge
Reference: 2017, 2014standard gauge: 1,730.4 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (34 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 124 km (2014) 0.914-m gauge
Merchant marine
total: 111 (2023)
by type: general cargo 1, oil tanker 9, other 101
Reference: 2023by type: general cargo 1, oil tanker 9, other 101
Ports
total ports: 20 (2024)
large: 0
medium: 1
small: 3
very small: 16
ports with oil terminals: 16
key ports: Bahia de Matarani, Iquitos, Puerto del Callao, Talara
Reference: 2024large: 0
medium: 1
small: 3
very small: 16
ports with oil terminals: 16
key ports: Bahia de Matarani, Iquitos, Puerto del Callao, Talara
Environment
Environmental issues
deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes; overfishing
International environmental agreements
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Reference: 2006signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Climate
varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes
Land use
agricultural land: 19.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 3.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 14.2% (2023 est.)
forest: 52.9% (2023 est.)
other: 28% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 3.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 14.2% (2023 est.)
forest: 52.9% (2023 est.)
other: 28% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 78.9% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2020rate of urbanization: 1.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions: 58.903 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 2.177 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 34.863 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 21.863 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023from coal and metallurgical coke: 2.177 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 34.863 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 21.863 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
31.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019Methane emissions
energy: 233.6 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture: 623.5 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 317 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 51.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022, 2021, 2019agriculture: 623.5 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 317 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 51.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 8.357 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 9.2% (2022 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 9.2% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 3.141 billion cubic meters (2022)
industrial: 1.666 billion cubic meters (2022)
agricultural: 21.112 billion cubic meters (2022)
Reference: 2022industrial: 1.666 billion cubic meters (2022)
agricultural: 21.112 billion cubic meters (2022)
Total renewable water resources
1.88 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022Geoparks
total global geoparks and regional networks: 1
global geoparks and regional networks: Colca y Volcanes de Andagua (2023)
Reference: 2023global geoparks and regional networks: Colca y Volcanes de Andagua (2023)
Communications & Media
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 1.504 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 4 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 4 (2023 est.)
Broadcast media
10 major TV networks of which only one, Television Nacional de Peru, is state owned; multi-channel cable TV services are available; in excess of 5,000 radio stations including a substantial number of local-language stations (2021)
Reference: 2021Internet country code
.pe
Historical Trends
Population
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Population data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 30,866,494 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 31,324,637 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 31,897,584 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 32,449,303 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 32,838,579 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 33,155,882 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 33,475,438 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 33,845,617 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 34,217,848 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 34,576,665 | world_bank_wdi |
GDP (current US$)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View GDP (current US$) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | $191,898,104,390 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | $211,007,984,081 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | $222,597,009,739 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | $228,346,006,004 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | $201,409,694,756 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | $226,406,075,009 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | $246,169,867,863 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | $268,025,009,709 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | $291,751,523,019 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | $334,854,659,182 | world_bank_wdi |
International migrant stock (immigrants)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International migrant stock (immigrants) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 1,184,762 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 1,837,219 | world_bank_wdi |
International emigrant stock
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International emigrant stock data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 302,008 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 1995 | 478,308 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2000 | 634,278 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2005 | 914,622 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2010 | 1,231,719 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2015 | 1,314,688 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2020 | 1,460,493 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2024 | 1,672,482 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
Net migration
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Net migration data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 96,740 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 114,382 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 339,067 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 74,270 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 55,375 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 41,868 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 33,982 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 24,783 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 18,406 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 11,931 | world_bank_wdi |
Sources & Methodology
Current statistical observations include their reference period and provenance. Reference fields from approved source datasets are attributed below. Missing information is left unknown rather than inferred.
| Indicator | Value | Period | Source | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 34,576,665 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| UN Population Division population estimate | 34,922,148 | 2026 | UN Population Division Data Portal | Estimated |
| Wikidata population (fallback) | 34,157,732 | 2025 | Wikidata | Reported |
| International migrant stock (immigrants) | 1,837,219 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International migrant stock | 5.4% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International emigrant stock | 1,672,482 | 2024 | UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2024 | Estimated |
| Net migration | 11,931 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Refugees hosted | 6,788 | 2025 | UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics | Verified |
| Asylum seekers hosted | 556,770 | 2025 | UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics | Verified |
| Refugees from this country | 7,885 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Asylum seekers from this country | 113,900 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Freedom of expression & alternative information index | 0.763 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Government censorship effort — media | 0.909 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Harassment of journalists | 0.726 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Print/broadcast media critical of government | 1.870 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Range of perspectives in major media | 0.563 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media bias | 1.290 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media self-censorship | 1.461 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Same-sex sexual activity | Yes Legal since 1924; equal age of consent since 2012; + UN decl. sign. | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Recognition of same-sex relationships | No / Yes Limited recognition for same-sex partners of health-care workers since 2020. | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex marriage | No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex adoption | No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Open military service | Yes Since 2009 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law | Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Gender identity / expression law | Yes Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without the need for the completion of medical intervention since 2016. Judicial order required. | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| GDP (current US$) | $334,854,659,182 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP per capita (current US$) | $9,684 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP growth | 3.4% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Inflation, consumer prices | 1.5% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Unemployment | 5.1% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Income level | Upper middle income | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Life expectancy at birth | 77.9 years | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fertility rate | 2.0 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Urban population | 85.6% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Individuals using the Internet | 82.0% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Exports of goods and services | 30.0% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Imports of goods and services | 21.8% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Trade | 51.8% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Adult literacy rate | 93.7% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secondary school enrolment, gross | 108.3% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Government education expenditure | 4.4% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Access to electricity | 96.5% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Electric power consumption | 1,595 kWh/person | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Renewable energy consumption | 30.6% | 2021 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Current health expenditure | 5.6% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Infant mortality rate | 11.0 per 1,000 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Forest area | 56.1% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Mobile cellular subscriptions | 124.6 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fixed broadband subscriptions | 11.7 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secure Internet servers | 827 per million | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude | -12.0931° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Longitude | -77.0465° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude (Wikidata) | -9.4000° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Longitude (Wikidata) | -76.0000° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Form of government | presidential system | current | Wikidata | Reported |
Data attribution
Credits below are generated from sources actually used by this country profile. Source-specific terms take precedence.
- CIA World Factbook, final 2025 country profile (structured via factbook.json). Accessed September 20, 2026. U.S. Government public-domain data; retained as a reference source where a newer approved field is not available. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, International Migrant Stock 2024; data access/processing via Our World in Data. Accessed September 20, 2026. Underlying UN dataset used under CC BY 3.0 IGO. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects (WPP indicator 49) Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 3.0 IGO; current-year WPP population values are presented as estimates/projections where applicable. Source · Terms/licence
- UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics Database. Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 4.0 except where a dataset identifies a different source or licence. Source · Terms/licence
- Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), Country-Year Dataset v16 (variables: v2mebias, v2mecenefm, v2mecrit, v2meharjrn, v2merange, v2meslfcen, v2x_freexp_altinf) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0; V-Dem measures are expert-coded/modelled and no V-Dem endorsement is implied. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikidata structured data (CC0). Accessed September 20, 2026. Attribution is provided by Knelstrom for provenance although CC0 does not require it. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikipedia, “LGBTQ rights by country or territory” (source revision/data fields: Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Gender identity / expression law, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Open military service, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Recognition of same-sex relationships, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex adoption, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex marriage, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex sexual activity, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0. Knelstrom changes formatting and presents the imported material as a community-edited legal-status summary, not legal advice or a Knelstrom rights score. Source · Terms/licence
- World Bank, World Development Indicators (series: AG.LND.FRST.ZS, country_metadata, EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS, EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS, EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC, FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG, IT.CEL.SETS.P2, IT.NET.BBND.P2, IT.NET.SECR.P6, IT.NET.USER.ZS, NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS, NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS, NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS, NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG, NY.GDP.PCAP.CD, SE.ADT.LITR.ZS, SE.SEC.ENRR, SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS, SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS, SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS, SM.POP.ASYS.EO, SM.POP.NETM, SM.POP.RHCR.EO, SM.POP.TOTL, SM.POP.TOTL.ZS, SP.DYN.IMRT.IN, SP.DYN.LE00.IN, SP.DYN.TFRT.IN, SP.POP.TOTL, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS) Accessed September 20, 2026. Data used under CC BY 4.0; Knelstrom presentation/formatting may differ from the source. Source · Terms/licence
Knelstrom does not imply endorsement by any listed data provider.
Last automated statistical refresh: 2026-09-20 02:10:30