Knelstrom Intelligence · World Factbook
Australia
Commonwealth of Australia
CapitalCanberra
Population27,614,411
GDP$1.80tn
Area7,692,024 km²
RegionEast Asia & Pacific
Data sources current · last checked September 20, 2026 2:10 am
Country facts
Overview
Background
Aboriginal Australians arrived on the continent at least 60,000 years ago and developed complex hunter-gatherer societies and oral histories. Dutch navigators led by Abel TASMAN were the first Europeans to land in Australia in 1606, and they mapped the western and northern coasts. They named the continent New Holland but made no attempts to permanently settle it. In 1770, Englishman James COOK sailed to the east coast of Australia, named it New South Wales, and claimed it for Great Britain. In 1788 and 1825 respectively, Great Britain established New South Wales and then Tasmania as penal colonies. Great Britain and Ireland sent more than 150,000 convicts to Australia before ending the practice in 1868. As Europeans began settling areas away from the coasts, they came into more direct contact with Aboriginal Australians. Europeans also cleared land for agriculture, impacting Aboriginal Australians’ ways of life. These issues, along with disease and a policy in the 1900s that forcefully removed Aboriginal children from their parents, reduced the Aboriginal Australian population from more than 700,000 pre-European contact to a low of 74,000 in 1933.
Four additional colonies were established in Australia in the mid-1800s: Western Australia (1829), South Australia (1836), Victoria (1851), and Queensland (1859). Gold rushes beginning in the 1850s brought thousands of new immigrants to New South Wales and Victoria, helping to reorient Australia away from its penal colony roots. In the second half of the 1800s, the colonies were all gradually granted self-government, and in 1901, they federated and became the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia contributed more than 400,000 troops to Allied efforts during World War I, and Australian troops played a large role in the defeat of Japanese troops in the Pacific in World War II. Australia severed most constitutional links with the UK in 1942 but remained part of the British Commonwealth. Australia’s post-war economy boomed and by the 1970s, racial policies that prevented most non-Whites from immigrating to Australia were removed, greatly increasing Asian immigration to the country. In recent decades, Australia has become an internationally competitive, advanced market economy due in large part to economic reforms adopted in the 1980s and its proximity to East and Southeast Asia.
In the early 2000s, Australian politics became unstable with frequent attempts to oust party leaders, including five changes of prime minister between 2010 and 2018. As a result, both major parties instituted rules to make it harder to remove a party leader.
Reference: 2018, 2010, 1942, 1933Four additional colonies were established in Australia in the mid-1800s: Western Australia (1829), South Australia (1836), Victoria (1851), and Queensland (1859). Gold rushes beginning in the 1850s brought thousands of new immigrants to New South Wales and Victoria, helping to reorient Australia away from its penal colony roots. In the second half of the 1800s, the colonies were all gradually granted self-government, and in 1901, they federated and became the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia contributed more than 400,000 troops to Allied efforts during World War I, and Australian troops played a large role in the defeat of Japanese troops in the Pacific in World War II. Australia severed most constitutional links with the UK in 1942 but remained part of the British Commonwealth. Australia’s post-war economy boomed and by the 1970s, racial policies that prevented most non-Whites from immigrating to Australia were removed, greatly increasing Asian immigration to the country. In recent decades, Australia has become an internationally competitive, advanced market economy due in large part to economic reforms adopted in the 1980s and its proximity to East and Southeast Asia.
In the early 2000s, Australian politics became unstable with frequent attempts to oust party leaders, including five changes of prime minister between 2010 and 2018. As a result, both major parties instituted rules to make it harder to remove a party leader.
Geography
Location
Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean
Map references
Oceania
Area
total: 7,741,220 sq km
land: 7,682,300 sq km
water: 58,920 sq km
note: note: includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island
land: 7,682,300 sq km
water: 58,920 sq km
note: note: includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island
Area - comparative
slightly smaller than the 48 contiguous US states
Land boundaries
total: 0 km
Coastline
25,760 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate
generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north
Terrain
mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast
Elevation
highest point: Mount Kosciuszko 2,228 m
lowest point: Lake Eyre -15 m
mean elevation: 330 m
lowest point: Lake Eyre -15 m
mean elevation: 330 m
Natural resources
alumina, coal, iron ore, copper, lithium, tin, gold, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, rare earth elements, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, opals, natural gas, petroleum
note: note 1: Australia is the world's largest net exporter of coal accounting for 26.5% of global coal exports in 2021; coal is the country’s most abundant energy resource, and coal ranks as the second-largest export commodity from Australia in terms of revenue; in 2020, Australia held the third-largest recoverable coal reserves in the world behind the United States and Russia
note 2: Australia is by far the world's largest supplier of opals
note 3: Australia holds the largest uranium reserves in the world and was the second-largest global uranium producer behind Kazakhstan in 2020
note 4: Australia was the largest exporter of LNG in the world in 2020
Reference: 2021, 2020note: note 1: Australia is the world's largest net exporter of coal accounting for 26.5% of global coal exports in 2021; coal is the country’s most abundant energy resource, and coal ranks as the second-largest export commodity from Australia in terms of revenue; in 2020, Australia held the third-largest recoverable coal reserves in the world behind the United States and Russia
note 2: Australia is by far the world's largest supplier of opals
note 3: Australia holds the largest uranium reserves in the world and was the second-largest global uranium producer behind Kazakhstan in 2020
note 4: Australia was the largest exporter of LNG in the world in 2020
Land use
agricultural land: 47.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 43.1% (2023 est.)
forest: 17.3% (2023 est.)
other: 35.4% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 43.1% (2023 est.)
forest: 17.3% (2023 est.)
other: 35.4% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
19,450 sq km (2022)
Reference: 2022Major lakes (area sq km)
fresh water lake(s): Lake Alexandrina - 570 sq km
salt water lake(s): Lake Eyre - 9,690 sq km; Lake Torrens (ephemeral) - 5,780 sq km; Lake Gairdner - 4,470 sq km; Lake Mackay (ephemeral) - 3,494 sq km; Lake Frome - 2,410 sq km; Lake Amadeus (ephemeral) - 1,032 sq km
salt water lake(s): Lake Eyre - 9,690 sq km; Lake Torrens (ephemeral) - 5,780 sq km; Lake Gairdner - 4,470 sq km; Lake Mackay (ephemeral) - 3,494 sq km; Lake Frome - 2,410 sq km; Lake Amadeus (ephemeral) - 1,032 sq km
Major rivers (by length in km)
River Murray - 2,508 km; Darling River - 1,545 km; Murrumbidgee River - 1,485 km; Lachlan River - 1,339 km; Cooper Creek - 1,113 km; Flinders River - 1,004 km
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: (Great Australian Bight) Murray-Darling (1,050,116 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Eyre (1,212,198 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Eyre (1,212,198 sq km)
Major aquifers
Great Artesian Basin, Canning Basin
Population distribution
population is primarily located on the periphery, with the highest concentration of people residing in the east and southeast; a secondary population center is located in and around Perth in the west; of the states and territories, New South Wales has, by far, the largest population; the interior, or "outback," has a very sparse population
Natural hazards
cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires
volcanism: volcanic activity on Heard and McDonald Islands
volcanism: volcanic activity on Heard and McDonald Islands
Geography - note
note 1: world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country; the largest country in Oceania, the largest country entirely in the Southern Hemisphere, and the largest country without land borders
note 2: the Great Dividing Range that runs along eastern Australia is that continent’s longest mountain range and the third-longest land-based range in the world; the term "Great Dividing Range" refers to the fact that the mountains form a watershed crest from which all of the rivers of eastern Australia flow – east, west, north, and south
note 3: Australia is the only continent without glaciers; it is the driest inhabited continent on earth; Perth on the west coast is home to the invigorating sea breeze known as the "Fremantle Doctor," one of the most consistent winds in the world; Australia hosts 10% of the world's biodiversity, and a great number of its flora and fauna exist nowhere else in the world
note 2: the Great Dividing Range that runs along eastern Australia is that continent’s longest mountain range and the third-longest land-based range in the world; the term "Great Dividing Range" refers to the fact that the mountains form a watershed crest from which all of the rivers of eastern Australia flow – east, west, north, and south
note 3: Australia is the only continent without glaciers; it is the driest inhabited continent on earth; Perth on the west coast is home to the invigorating sea breeze known as the "Fremantle Doctor," one of the most consistent winds in the world; Australia hosts 10% of the world's biodiversity, and a great number of its flora and fauna exist nowhere else in the world
Population & Society
Nationality
noun: Australian(s)
adjective: Australian
adjective: Australian
Ethnic groups
English 33%, Australian 29.9%, Irish 9.5%, Scottish 8.6%, Chinese 5.5%, Italian 4.4%, German 4%, Indian 3.1%, Australian Aboriginal 2.9%, Greek 1.7%, unspecified 4.7% (2021 est.)
note: note: data represent self-identified ancestry, with the option of reporting two ancestries
Reference: 2021note: note: data represent self-identified ancestry, with the option of reporting two ancestries
Languages
English 72%, Mandarin 2.7%, Arabic 1.4%, Vietnamese 1.3%, Cantonese 1.2%, other 15.7%, unspecified 5.7% (2021 est.)
note: note: data represent language spoken at home
Reference: 2021note: note: data represent language spoken at home
Religions
Roman Catholic 20%, Protestant 18.1% (Anglican 9.8%, Uniting Church 2.6%, Presbyterian and Reformed 1.6%, Baptist 1.4%, Pentecostal 1%, other Protestant 1.7%), other Christian 3.5%, Muslim 3.2%, Hindu 2.7%, Buddhist 2.4%, Orthodox 2.3% (Eastern Orthodox 2.1%, Oriental Orthodox 0.2%), other 2.1%, none 38.4%, unspecified 7.3% (2021 est.)
Reference: 2021Age structure
0-14 years: 18.3% (male 2,526,772/female 2,369,425)
15-64 years: 64.7% (male 8,688,023/female 8,640,671)
65 years and over: 17% (2024 est.) (male 2,090,315/female 2,453,392)
Reference: 202415-64 years: 64.7% (male 8,688,023/female 8,640,671)
65 years and over: 17% (2024 est.) (male 2,090,315/female 2,453,392)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 54.5 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 28.3 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 26.2 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 3.8 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024youth dependency ratio: 28.3 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 26.2 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 3.8 (2024 est.)
Median age
total: 38.1 years (2024 est.)
male: 36.9 years
female: 39.2 years
Reference: 2024male: 36.9 years
female: 39.2 years
Population growth rate
1.13% (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Birth rate
12.2 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Death rate
6.8 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Population distribution
population is primarily located on the periphery, with the highest concentration of people residing in the east and southeast; a secondary population center is located in and around Perth in the west; of the states and territories, New South Wales has, by far, the largest population; the interior, or "outback," has a very sparse population
Major urban areas - population
5.235 million Melbourne, 5.121 million Sydney, 2.505 million Brisbane, 2.118 million Perth, 1.367 million Adelaide, 472,000 CANBERRA (capital) (2023)
Reference: 2023Sex ratio
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Reference: 20240-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
28.7 years (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019Maternal mortality ratio
2 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Gross reproduction rate
0.84 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Drinking water source
improved: urban: urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 10.5% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 20.2% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 20.2% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
4.09 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Reference: 2022Hospital bed density
3.8 beds/1,000 population (2016 est.)
Reference: 2016Sanitation facility access
improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
29% (2016)
Reference: 2016Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 9.51 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 3.71 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 3.67 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 1.32 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.81 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019beer: 3.71 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 3.67 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 1.32 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.81 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use
total: 11.4% (2025 est.)
male: 13.6% (2025 est.)
female: 9.2% (2025 est.)
male: 13.6% (2025 est.)
female: 9.2% (2025 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
55.9% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 21 years (2023 est.)
male: 20 years (2023 est.)
female: 21 years (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023male: 20 years (2023 est.)
female: 21 years (2023 est.)
Migration & Displacement
Immigrant/emigrant stock measures the number of international migrants resident in, or originating from, the country; it is not the same as annual immigration/emigration flows.
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 120,789 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 185 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 6,922 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024IDPs: 185 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 6,922 (2024 est.)
Government & Politics
| Office | Holder | Affiliation | From | Status | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Head of state | Charles III | — | 2022-09-08 | Current | Reported |
| Head of government | Anthony Albanese | — | 2022-05-23 | Current | Reported |
Country name
conventional long form: Commonwealth of Australia
conventional short form: Australia
etymology: the name Australia derives from the Latin australis meaning "southern;" the Australian landmass was long referred to as "Terra Australis," or the Southern Land
conventional short form: Australia
etymology: the name Australia derives from the Latin australis meaning "southern;" the Australian landmass was long referred to as "Terra Australis," or the Southern Land
Capital
name: Canberra
geographic coordinates: 35 16 S, 149 08 E
time difference: UTC+11 (16 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in October; ends first Sunday in April
time zone note: Australia has six time zones, including Lord Howe Island (UTC+11)
etymology: the name may derive from the Aboriginal word nganbirra, meaning "meeting place"
geographic coordinates: 35 16 S, 149 08 E
time difference: UTC+11 (16 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in October; ends first Sunday in April
time zone note: Australia has six time zones, including Lord Howe Island (UTC+11)
etymology: the name may derive from the Aboriginal word nganbirra, meaning "meeting place"
Administrative divisions
6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*, New South Wales, Northern Territory*, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia
Dependent areas
Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Jervis Bay, Norfolk Island (7)
Legal system
common law system based on the English model
Constitution
history: approved in a series of referenda from 1898 through 1900 and became law 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901
amendment process: proposed by Parliament; passage requires approval of a referendum bill by absolute majority vote in both houses of Parliament, approval in a referendum by a majority of voters in at least four states and in the territories, and Royal Assent; proposals that would reduce a state’s representation in either house or change a state’s boundaries require that state’s approval prior to Royal Assent
Reference: 1901, 1900amendment process: proposed by Parliament; passage requires approval of a referendum bill by absolute majority vote in both houses of Parliament, approval in a referendum by a majority of voters in at least four states and in the territories, and Royal Assent; proposals that would reduce a state’s representation in either house or change a state’s boundaries require that state’s approval prior to Royal Assent
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen or permanent resident of Australia
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 4 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen or permanent resident of Australia
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 4 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch
chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Samantha (Sam) MOSTYN (since 1 July 2024)
head of government: Prime Minister Anthony ALBANESE (since 23 May 2022)
cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the prime minister from among members of Parliament and sworn in by the governor general
election/appointment process: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is sworn in as prime minister by the governor general
Reference: 2024, 2022head of government: Prime Minister Anthony ALBANESE (since 23 May 2022)
cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the prime minister from among members of Parliament and sworn in by the governor general
election/appointment process: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is sworn in as prime minister by the governor general
Legislative branch
legislature name: Parliament
legislative structure: bicameral
legislative structure: bicameral
Legislative branch - lower chamber
chamber name: House of Representatives
number of seats: 150 (all directly elected)
electoral system: plurality/majority
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 3 years
most recent election date: 5/3/2025
parties elected and seats per party: Australian Labor Party (ALP) (94); Liberal National coalition (43); Independents (10); Other (3)
percentage of women in chamber: 46%
expected date of next election: May 2028
Reference: 2028, 2025number of seats: 150 (all directly elected)
electoral system: plurality/majority
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 3 years
most recent election date: 5/3/2025
parties elected and seats per party: Australian Labor Party (ALP) (94); Liberal National coalition (43); Independents (10); Other (3)
percentage of women in chamber: 46%
expected date of next election: May 2028
Legislative branch - upper chamber
chamber name: Senate
number of seats: 76 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: partial renewal
term in office: 6 years
most recent election date: 5/3/2025
parties elected and seats per party: Australian Labor Party (ALP) (16); Liberal (6); The Greens (6); Liberal/Nationals (4); Pauline Hanson's One Nation (3); Liberal National Party of Queensland (2); Other (3)
percentage of women in chamber: 56.6%
expected date of next election: May 2028
Reference: 2028, 2025number of seats: 76 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: partial renewal
term in office: 6 years
most recent election date: 5/3/2025
parties elected and seats per party: Australian Labor Party (ALP) (16); Liberal (6); The Greens (6); Liberal/Nationals (4); Pauline Hanson's One Nation (3); Liberal National Party of Queensland (2); Other (3)
percentage of women in chamber: 56.6%
expected date of next election: May 2028
Judicial branch
highest court(s): High Court of Australia (consists of 7 justices, including the chief justice); each of the 6 states, 2 territories, and Norfolk Island has a Supreme Court; the High Court is the final appellate court
judge selection and term of office: justices appointed by the governor-general in council for life with mandatory retirement at age 70
subordinate courts: subordinate courts: at the federal level: Federal Court; Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia; at the state and territory level: Local Court - New South Wales; Magistrates' Courts – Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania, Northern Territory, Australian Capital Territory; District Courts – New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia; County Court – Victoria; Family Court – Western Australia; Court of Petty Sessions – Norfolk Island
judge selection and term of office: justices appointed by the governor-general in council for life with mandatory retirement at age 70
subordinate courts: subordinate courts: at the federal level: Federal Court; Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia; at the state and territory level: Local Court - New South Wales; Magistrates' Courts – Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania, Northern Territory, Australian Capital Territory; District Courts – New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia; County Court – Victoria; Family Court – Western Australia; Court of Petty Sessions – Norfolk Island
Political parties
Australian Greens Party or The Greens
Australian Labor Party or ALP
Centre Alliance (formerly known as the Nick Xenophon Team or NXT)
Jacqui Lambie Network or JLN
Katter's Australian Party (KAP)
Liberal Party of Australia
Liberal National Party of Queensland
The Nationals
One Nation or ONP
United Australia Party
note: note: the Labor Party is Australia’s oldest political party, established federally in 1901; the present Liberal Party was formed in 1944; the Country Party was formed in 1920, renamed the National Country Party in 1975, the National Party of Australia in 1982, and since 2003 has been known as the Nationals; since the general election of 1949, the Liberal Party and the Nationals (under various names) when forming government have done so as a coalition
Reference: 2003, 1982, 1975, 1949Australian Labor Party or ALP
Centre Alliance (formerly known as the Nick Xenophon Team or NXT)
Jacqui Lambie Network or JLN
Katter's Australian Party (KAP)
Liberal Party of Australia
Liberal National Party of Queensland
The Nationals
One Nation or ONP
United Australia Party
note: note: the Labor Party is Australia’s oldest political party, established federally in 1901; the present Liberal Party was formed in 1944; the Country Party was formed in 1920, renamed the National Country Party in 1975, the National Party of Australia in 1982, and since 2003 has been known as the Nationals; since the general election of 1949, the Liberal Party and the Nationals (under various names) when forming government have done so as a coalition
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Kevin Michael RUDD (since 19 April 2023)
chancery: 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 797-3000
FAX: [1] (202) 797-3168
email address and website: info.us@dfat.gov.au
https://usa.embassy.gov.au/
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco
Reference: 2023chancery: 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 797-3000
FAX: [1] (202) 797-3168
email address and website: info.us@dfat.gov.au
https://usa.embassy.gov.au/
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Erika OLSON (since January 2025)
embassy: Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory 2600
mailing address: 7800 Canberra Place, Washington DC 20512-7800
telephone: [61] (02) 6214-5600
FAX: [61] (02) 9373-9184
email address and website: AskEmbassyCanberra@state.gov
https://au.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Melbourne, Perth, Sydney
embassy: Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory 2600
mailing address: 7800 Canberra Place, Washington DC 20512-7800
telephone: [61] (02) 6214-5600
FAX: [61] (02) 9373-9184
email address and website: AskEmbassyCanberra@state.gov
https://au.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Melbourne, Perth, Sydney
International organization participation
ADB, ANZUS, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CP, EAS, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NEA, NSG, OECD, OPCW, OSCE (partner), Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF, SAARC (observer), Quad, SICA (observer), Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNMIT, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Independence
1 January 1901 (from the federation of UK colonies)
Reference: 1901National holiday
Australia Day (commemorates the arrival of the First Fleet of Australian settlers), 26 January (1788); ANZAC Day (commemorates the anniversary of the landing of troops of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps during World War I at Gallipoli, Turkey), 25 April (1915)
Reference: 1915Flag
description: blue, with the UK flag in the upper-left quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower-left quadrant; on the right half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white, with one small five-pointed star and four larger seven-pointed stars
meaning: the largest star is known as the Commonwealth or Federation Star and represents the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901; the star has one point for each of the six original states, plus one representing all of Australia's internal and external territories
Reference: 1901meaning: the largest star is known as the Commonwealth or Federation Star and represents the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901; the star has one point for each of the six original states, plus one representing all of Australia's internal and external territories
National symbol(s)
Commonwealth Star (seven-pointed Star of Federation), golden wattle tree (Acacia pycnantha), kangaroo, emu
National color(s)
green, gold
National coat of arms
King George V of the United Kingdom granted the current Commonwealth Coat of Arms to Australia on 19 September 1912; the center of the shield has the symbols of Australia’s six states; the kangaroo and the emu symbolize a nation moving forward, since neither animal can move backward easily; the gold Commonwealth star sits above the shield, with six points representing the Australian states and the seventh representing the territories; the gold and blue in the wreath under the star are the livery, or identifying, colors for the coat of arms; Australia’s floral emblem, the golden wattle, frames the shield
Reference: 1912National anthem(s)
title: "God Save the King"
lyrics/music: unknown
history: royal anthem, as a Commonwealth country
note: note: the well-known and much-loved bush ballad "Waltzing Matilda" is often referred to as Australia's unofficial national anthem; Australian poet Banjo PATERSON wrote the original lyrics in 1895, and they were first published as sheet music in 1903; since 2012, a Waltzing Matilda Day has been held annually on 6 April, the anniversary of the first performance of the song in 1895
Reference: 2012, 1903lyrics/music: unknown
history: royal anthem, as a Commonwealth country
note: note: the well-known and much-loved bush ballad "Waltzing Matilda" is often referred to as Australia's unofficial national anthem; Australian poet Banjo PATERSON wrote the original lyrics in 1895, and they were first published as sheet music in 1903; since 2012, a Waltzing Matilda Day has been held annually on 6 April, the anniversary of the first performance of the song in 1895
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites: 21 (5 cultural, 12 natural, 4 mixed)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Great Barrier Reef (n); Greater Blue Mountains Area (n); Fraser Island (n); Gondwana Rainforests (n); Lord Howe Island Group (n); Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens (c); Shark Bay (n); Sydney Opera House (c); Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park (m); Kakadu National Park (m); Murujuga Cultural Landscape (c)
note: note: includes one site on Heard Island and McDonald Islands
selected World Heritage Site locales: Great Barrier Reef (n); Greater Blue Mountains Area (n); Fraser Island (n); Gondwana Rainforests (n); Lord Howe Island Group (n); Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens (c); Shark Bay (n); Sydney Opera House (c); Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park (m); Kakadu National Park (m); Murujuga Cultural Landscape (c)
note: note: includes one site on Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Government & Official Links
| Institution | Official website | X / Twitter | Verification |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australia official website | Official website | — | Reported · source Checked September 20, 2026 |
Institutional accounts only; personal accounts of political office-holders are excluded.
Legislature & Elections
Legislature
| Name | Chamber | Seats | Electoral system |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parliament of Australia | — | 227 | — |
Economy
Economic overview
high-income and globally integrated economy; strong mining, manufacturing, and service sectors driving slow but steady growth; net exporter, driven by commodities to East Asian trade partners; weak productivity and aging population straining labor force participation
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $1.635 trillion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $1.611 trillion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $1.558 trillion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $1.611 trillion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $1.558 trillion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2024: $60,100 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $60,500 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $59,900 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP per capita 2023: $60,500 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $59,900 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 2.2% (2024 est.)
industry: 26% (2024 est.)
services: 65.5% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Reference: 2024industry: 26% (2024 est.)
services: 65.5% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption: 51.2% (2024 est.)
government consumption: 22.2% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 24.3% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories: 0.1% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services: 24.7% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services: -22.6% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Reference: 2024government consumption: 22.2% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 24.3% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories: 0.1% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services: 24.7% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services: -22.6% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
wheat, sugarcane, barley, rapeseed, milk, cotton, sorghum, beef, lentils, grapes (2023)
note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Reference: 2023note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, steel
Industrial production growth rate
0.5% (2024 est.)
note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Reference: 2024note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Labor force
14.912 million (2024 est.)
note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Reference: 2024note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 9.5% (2024 est.)
male: 10.2% (2024 est.)
female: 8.7% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Reference: 2024male: 10.2% (2024 est.)
female: 8.7% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018: 34.3 (2018 est.)
note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Reference: 2018note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Average household expenditures
on food: 9.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 3.6% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023on alcohol and tobacco: 3.6% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 2.8% (2018 est.)
highest 10%: 26.2% (2018 est.)
note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Reference: 2018highest 10%: 26.2% (2018 est.)
note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances
Remittances 2024: 0.1% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances 2023: 0.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 0.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Remittances 2023: 0.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 0.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget
revenues: $431.27 billion (2022 est.)
expenditures: $453.105 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Reference: 2022expenditures: $453.105 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Public debt
Public debt 2022: 58% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Reference: 2022note: note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Taxes and other revenues
23.6% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Reference: 2022note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: -$34.402 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$5.186 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $5.707 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Current account balance 2023: -$5.186 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $5.707 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2024: $425.16 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $448.507 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $465.99 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Exports 2023: $448.507 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $465.99 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
China 37%, Japan 16%, S. Korea 6%, India 5%, Taiwan 5% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
iron ore, coal, natural gas, gold, minerals (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2024: $405.336 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $389.211 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $379.981 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Imports 2023: $389.211 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $379.981 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
China 26%, USA 11%, S. Korea 6%, Japan 6%, Thailand 5% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, cars, trucks, broadcasting equipment, garments (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $60.404 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $61.703 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $56.702 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $61.703 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $56.702 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Exchange rates
Currency: Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024: 1.515 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 1.505 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 1.442 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 1.331 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 1.453 (2020 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Exchange rates 2024: 1.515 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 1.505 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 1.442 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 1.331 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 1.453 (2020 est.)
Trade
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: -$34.402 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$5.186 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $5.707 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Current account balance 2023: -$5.186 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $5.707 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2024: $425.16 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $448.507 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $465.99 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Exports 2023: $448.507 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $465.99 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
China 37%, Japan 16%, S. Korea 6%, India 5%, Taiwan 5% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
iron ore, coal, natural gas, gold, minerals (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2024: $405.336 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $389.211 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $379.981 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Imports 2023: $389.211 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $379.981 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
China 26%, USA 11%, S. Korea 6%, Japan 6%, Thailand 5% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, cars, trucks, broadcasting equipment, garments (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Energy & Resources
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 108.193 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 267.818 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 11.455 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 267.818 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 11.455 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 64.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 17.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 11.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 5.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 1.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023solar: 17.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 11.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 5.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 1.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Coal
production: 445.077 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption: 95.667 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 348.32 million metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 630,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 149.472 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 95.667 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 348.32 million metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 630,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 149.472 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
total petroleum production: 386,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 1.151 million bbl/day (2024 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 2.446 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2021refined petroleum consumption: 1.151 million bbl/day (2024 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 2.446 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas
production: 151.307 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption: 48.845 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 105.146 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 521.034 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 3.228 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2021consumption: 48.845 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 105.146 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 521.034 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 3.228 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 223.158 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Infrastructure
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 6.458 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 24 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 24 (2023 est.)
Health
Maternal mortality ratio
2 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 10.5% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 20.2% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 20.2% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
4.09 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Reference: 2022Hospital bed density
3.8 beds/1,000 population (2016 est.)
Reference: 2016Obesity - adult prevalence rate
29% (2016)
Reference: 2016Tobacco use
total: 11.4% (2025 est.)
male: 13.6% (2025 est.)
female: 9.2% (2025 est.)
male: 13.6% (2025 est.)
female: 9.2% (2025 est.)
Education
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 21 years (2023 est.)
male: 20 years (2023 est.)
female: 21 years (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023male: 20 years (2023 est.)
female: 21 years (2023 est.)
Rights, Freedoms & Society
Press & Media Freedom
V-Dem expert-coded/modelled source measures. Knelstrom does not create a press-freedom ranking or composite score.
LGBTQ+ Rights & Law
Concrete legal-status fields only; Knelstrom does not generate an LGBTQ rights score or country ranking.
Source: Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory (CC BY-SA 4.0). Community-edited legal-status summary; retrieved by Knelstrom and not legal advice.
Crime & Justice
Legal system
common law system based on the English model
Judicial branch
highest court(s): High Court of Australia (consists of 7 justices, including the chief justice); each of the 6 states, 2 territories, and Norfolk Island has a Supreme Court; the High Court is the final appellate court
judge selection and term of office: justices appointed by the governor-general in council for life with mandatory retirement at age 70
subordinate courts: subordinate courts: at the federal level: Federal Court; Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia; at the state and territory level: Local Court - New South Wales; Magistrates' Courts – Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania, Northern Territory, Australian Capital Territory; District Courts – New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia; County Court – Victoria; Family Court – Western Australia; Court of Petty Sessions – Norfolk Island
judge selection and term of office: justices appointed by the governor-general in council for life with mandatory retirement at age 70
subordinate courts: subordinate courts: at the federal level: Federal Court; Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia; at the state and territory level: Local Court - New South Wales; Magistrates' Courts – Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania, Northern Territory, Australian Capital Territory; District Courts – New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia; County Court – Victoria; Family Court – Western Australia; Court of Petty Sessions – Norfolk Island
Military & Security
Military and security forces
Australian Defense Force (ADF): Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air Force (2025)
note: note: the Australian Federal Police (AFP) is an independent agency of the Attorney-General’s Department; the AFP, state, and territorial police forces are responsible for internal security; the Australian Border Force (ABF) is under the Department of Home Affairs
note: note: the Australian Federal Police (AFP) is an independent agency of the Attorney-General’s Department; the AFP, state, and territorial police forces are responsible for internal security; the Australian Border Force (ABF) is under the Department of Home Affairs
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2024: 2% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 2% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 2% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 2% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2020: 2% of GDP (2020 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Military Expenditures 2023: 2% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 2% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 2% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2020: 2% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 60,000 active ADF personnel (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military's inventory includes a mix of domestically produced and imported Western weapons systems; in recent years, the US has been the largest supplier of arms; the Australian defense industry produces a variety of land and sea weapons platforms; the defense industry also participates in joint development and production ventures with other Western countries, including the US and Canada (2025)
note: note: in 2023, the Australian defense ministry announced a new strategic review that called for the acquisition of more long-range deterrence capabilities, including missiles, submarines, and cyber tools; in early 2024, Australia announced a 10-year plan to more than double the number of the Navy's major surface combatant ships
Reference: 2025, 2024, 2023note: note: in 2023, the Australian defense ministry announced a new strategic review that called for the acquisition of more long-range deterrence capabilities, including missiles, submarines, and cyber tools; in early 2024, Australia announced a 10-year plan to more than double the number of the Navy's major surface combatant ships
Military service age and obligation
17 years of age (with parental consent; 18 years of age to deploy) for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (abolished 1972) (2024)
note: note 1: as of July 2024, New Zealanders who are permanent residents and have lived in Australia for at least 12 months could apply to join the ADF; from January 2025, eligible permanent residents from Canada, the UK, and the US were also to be allowed to apply
note 2: women have served in all roles, including combat arms, since 2013; in 2024, they comprised slightly more than 20% of the military
Reference: 2025, 2024, 2013, 1972note: note 1: as of July 2024, New Zealanders who are permanent residents and have lived in Australia for at least 12 months could apply to join the ADF; from January 2025, eligible permanent residents from Canada, the UK, and the US were also to be allowed to apply
note 2: women have served in all roles, including combat arms, since 2013; in 2024, they comprised slightly more than 20% of the military
Military deployments
note: the number of Australian military forces varies by mission; since the 1990s, Australia has deployed more than 30,000 personnel on nearly 100 UN peacekeeping and coalition military operations around the World
Military - note
the ADF's missions include protecting Australia’s borders and maritime interests, responding to domestic natural disasters, and deploying overseas for humanitarian, peacekeeping, and other security-related missions; in 2024, it established a cyber command; the ADF regularly participates in bi-lateral and multi-lateral exercises with foreign militaries
Australia has been part of the Australia, New Zealand, and US Security (ANZUS) Treaty since 1951; Australia is also a member of the Five Powers Defense Arrangements (FPDA), a series of mutual assistance agreements reached in 1971 embracing Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, and the UK
Australia has long-standing bi-lateral defense and security ties to the UK, including defense and security cooperation treaties in 2024 and 2013; the Australia-UK Ministerial Consultations (AUKMIN) is their premier bilateral forum on foreign policy, defense, and security issues
Australia also has a long-standing military relationship with the US; Australian and US forces first fought together in France in 1918 and have fought together in every major US conflict since; Australia and the US signed an agreement in 2014 that allowed for closer bi-lateral defense and security cooperation, including rotations of US military forces and equipment to Australia; Australian military forces train often with US forces; Australia has Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) status with the US, a designation under US law that provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense trade and security cooperation
in 2021, Australia, the UK, and the US announced an enhanced trilateral security partnership called “AUKUS” which would build on existing bilateral ties, including deeper integration of defense and security-related science, technology, industrial bases, and supply chains, as well as deeper cooperation on a range of defense and security capabilities (2025)
Reference: 2025, 2024, 2021, 2014Australia has been part of the Australia, New Zealand, and US Security (ANZUS) Treaty since 1951; Australia is also a member of the Five Powers Defense Arrangements (FPDA), a series of mutual assistance agreements reached in 1971 embracing Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, and the UK
Australia has long-standing bi-lateral defense and security ties to the UK, including defense and security cooperation treaties in 2024 and 2013; the Australia-UK Ministerial Consultations (AUKMIN) is their premier bilateral forum on foreign policy, defense, and security issues
Australia also has a long-standing military relationship with the US; Australian and US forces first fought together in France in 1918 and have fought together in every major US conflict since; Australia and the US signed an agreement in 2014 that allowed for closer bi-lateral defense and security cooperation, including rotations of US military forces and equipment to Australia; Australian military forces train often with US forces; Australia has Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) status with the US, a designation under US law that provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense trade and security cooperation
in 2021, Australia, the UK, and the US announced an enhanced trilateral security partnership called “AUKUS” which would build on existing bilateral ties, including deeper integration of defense and security-related science, technology, industrial bases, and supply chains, as well as deeper cooperation on a range of defense and security capabilities (2025)
International Relations
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Kevin Michael RUDD (since 19 April 2023)
chancery: 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 797-3000
FAX: [1] (202) 797-3168
email address and website: info.us@dfat.gov.au
https://usa.embassy.gov.au/
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco
Reference: 2023chancery: 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 797-3000
FAX: [1] (202) 797-3168
email address and website: info.us@dfat.gov.au
https://usa.embassy.gov.au/
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Erika OLSON (since January 2025)
embassy: Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory 2600
mailing address: 7800 Canberra Place, Washington DC 20512-7800
telephone: [61] (02) 6214-5600
FAX: [61] (02) 9373-9184
email address and website: AskEmbassyCanberra@state.gov
https://au.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Melbourne, Perth, Sydney
embassy: Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory 2600
mailing address: 7800 Canberra Place, Washington DC 20512-7800
telephone: [61] (02) 6214-5600
FAX: [61] (02) 9373-9184
email address and website: AskEmbassyCanberra@state.gov
https://au.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Melbourne, Perth, Sydney
International organization participation
ADB, ANZUS, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CP, EAS, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NEA, NSG, OECD, OPCW, OSCE (partner), Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF, SAARC (observer), Quad, SICA (observer), Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNMIT, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Treaties & Organisations
| Organisation | Status | Joined |
|---|---|---|
| ASEAN (ASEAN) | member | — |
| Commonwealth of Nations (Commonwealth) | member | 1931-00-00 |
| G20 (G20) | member | — |
| OECD (OECD) | member | — |
| United Nations (UN) | member | 1945-11-01 |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | member | — |
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
International organization participation
ADB, ANZUS, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CP, EAS, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NEA, NSG, OECD, OPCW, OSCE (partner), Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF, SAARC (observer), Quad, SICA (observer), Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNMIT, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Conflict & Security
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 120,789 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 185 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 6,922 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024IDPs: 185 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 6,922 (2024 est.)
Terrorist group(s)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
note: note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
note: note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
Transportation & Logistics
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
VH
Airports
2,257 (2025)
Heliports
392 (2025)
Railways
total: 32,606 km (2022) 3,448 km electrified
standard gauge: 18,007 km (2022) 1.435 mm
narrow gauge: 11,914 km (2022) 1.067 mm
broad gauge: 2,685 km (2022) 1.600 mm
Reference: 2022standard gauge: 18,007 km (2022) 1.435 mm
narrow gauge: 11,914 km (2022) 1.067 mm
broad gauge: 2,685 km (2022) 1.600 mm
Merchant marine
total: 604 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 2, general cargo 76, oil tanker 6, other 520
Reference: 2023by type: bulk carrier 2, general cargo 76, oil tanker 6, other 520
Ports
total ports: 66 (2024)
large: 5
medium: 8
small: 24
very small: 29
ports with oil terminals: 38
key ports: Brisbane, Dampier, Darwin, Fremantle, Geelong, Hobart, Melbourne, Newcastle, Port Adelaide, Port Dalrymple, Port Kembla, Port Lincoln, Sydney
Reference: 2024large: 5
medium: 8
small: 24
very small: 29
ports with oil terminals: 38
key ports: Brisbane, Dampier, Darwin, Fremantle, Geelong, Hobart, Melbourne, Newcastle, Port Adelaide, Port Dalrymple, Port Kembla, Port Lincoln, Sydney
Environment
Environmental issues
soil erosion from overgrazing, deforestation, industrial development, urbanization, and poor farming practices; limited natural freshwater resources; soil salinity from use of poor-quality water, drought, desertification; habitat loss from agricultural clearing; floral extinctions; Great Barrier Reef preservation; overfishing; pollution; invasive species
International environmental agreements
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Reference: 2006signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Climate
generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north
Land use
agricultural land: 47.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 43.1% (2023 est.)
forest: 17.3% (2023 est.)
other: 35.4% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 43.1% (2023 est.)
forest: 17.3% (2023 est.)
other: 35.4% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 86.6% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
note: note: data include Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, and Norfolk Island
Reference: 2023, 2020rate of urbanization: 1.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
note: note: data include Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, and Norfolk Island
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions: 394.653 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 146.81 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 154.346 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 93.497 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023from coal and metallurgical coke: 146.81 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 154.346 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 93.497 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
9.1 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019Methane emissions
energy: 2,146 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture: 2,382.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 587.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 144.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022, 2021, 2019agriculture: 2,382.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 587.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 144.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 13.345 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 52.9% (2022 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 52.9% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 2.43 billion cubic meters (2022)
industrial: 3.11 billion cubic meters (2022)
agricultural: 11.19 billion cubic meters (2022)
Reference: 2022industrial: 3.11 billion cubic meters (2022)
agricultural: 11.19 billion cubic meters (2022)
Total renewable water resources
492 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022Communications & Media
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 6.458 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 24 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 24 (2023 est.)
Broadcast media
tradition of public broadcasting, but privately owned TV and radio have the biggest audiences; ownership of print and broadcast media is concentrated; Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) runs national and local public radio and TV; other main public broadcaster is the multilingual Special Broadcasting Service (SBS); national commercial TV is dominated by three big free-to-air networks; broadcasters must carry a minimum percentage of Australian-made programs; pay TV via cable, satellite, and IPTV has a strong foothold (2023)
Reference: 2023Internet country code
.au
Historical Trends
Population
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Population data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 24,190,907 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 24,592,588 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 24,963,258 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 25,334,826 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 25,649,248 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 25,685,412 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 26,018,721 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 26,659,922 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 27,194,286 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 27,614,411 | world_bank_wdi |
GDP (current US$)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View GDP (current US$) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | $1,211,588,128,418 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | $1,330,890,554,614 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | $1,433,144,978,762 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | $1,398,349,602,956 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | $1,333,336,461,648 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | $1,560,617,493,203 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | $1,695,627,535,476 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | $1,734,451,264,656 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | $1,757,022,451,653 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | $1,798,518,933,689 | world_bank_wdi |
International migrant stock (immigrants)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International migrant stock (immigrants) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 7,604,850 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 8,111,404 | world_bank_wdi |
International emigrant stock
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International emigrant stock data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 250,909 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 1995 | 280,785 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2000 | 311,529 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2005 | 337,326 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2010 | 362,178 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2015 | 403,333 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2020 | 420,672 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2024 | 430,718 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
Net migration
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Net migration data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 254,648 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 255,023 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 226,412 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 207,142 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 44,447 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 116,768 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 140,972 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 140,232 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 138,510 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 137,109 | world_bank_wdi |
Sources & Methodology
Current statistical observations include their reference period and provenance. Reference fields from approved source datasets are attributed below. Missing information is left unknown rather than inferred.
| Indicator | Value | Period | Source | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 27,614,411 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| UN Population Division population estimate | 27,227,096 | 2026 | UN Population Division Data Portal | Estimated |
| Wikidata population (fallback) | 27,614,411 | 2025 | Wikidata | Reported |
| International migrant stock (immigrants) | 8,111,404 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International migrant stock | 30.4% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International emigrant stock | 430,718 | 2024 | UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2024 | Estimated |
| Net migration | 137,109 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Refugees hosted | 33,415 | 2025 | UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics | Verified |
| Asylum seekers hosted | 82,925 | 2025 | UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics | Verified |
| Refugees from this country | 41 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Asylum seekers from this country | 31 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Freedom of expression & alternative information index | 0.915 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Government censorship effort — media | 2.216 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Harassment of journalists | 1.567 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Print/broadcast media critical of government | 2.406 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Range of perspectives in major media | 2.044 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media bias | 2.207 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media self-censorship | 1.509 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Same-sex sexual activity | Yes Always legal for women. Male legal in some states and territories since 1975, nationwide since 1997. Tasmania was the last state to legalise male homosexuality; Equal age of consent in some states and territories since 1975, nationwide since 2016.; + UN decl. sign. | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Recognition of same-sex relationships | Yes Unregistered cohabitation nationally since 2009; Domestic partnerships in Tasmania (2004), South Australia (2007), Victoria (2008), New South Wales (2010), and Queensland (2012); Civil unions in the Australian Capital Territory (2012) | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex marriage | Yes Legal since 2017 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex adoption | Yes Legal nationwide since 2018 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Open military service | Yes Gay men and lesbians since 1992; Transgender and intersex people since 2010 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law | Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination. | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Gender identity / expression law | Yes / No Since 2025, differing regulations within each jurisdiction regarding change of sex on a birth certificate applies - for example some jurisdictions still requires “appropriate clinical treatment” (WA, SA & NT), while others are based on “self-determination” (TAS, VIC, NSW, ACT & QLD). . Gender identity change is not recognized for the purpose of inheritance of hereditary peerages and baronetcies, which is subject to Section 16 of the United Kingdom's Gender Recognition Act 2004. | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| GDP (current US$) | $1,798,518,933,689 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP per capita (current US$) | $65,130 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP growth | 1.4% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Inflation, consumer prices | 2.9% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Unemployment | 4.1% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Income level | High income | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Life expectancy at birth | 83.1 years | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fertility rate | 1.5 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Urban population | 87.7% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Individuals using the Internet | 96.1% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Exports of goods and services | 23.2% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Imports of goods and services | 22.7% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Trade | 45.9% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secondary school enrolment, gross | 131.9% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Government education expenditure | 5.1% | 2022 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Access to electricity | 100.0% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Electric power consumption | 9,801 kWh/person | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Renewable energy consumption | 12.3% | 2021 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Current health expenditure | 10.4% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Infant mortality rate | 3.1 per 1,000 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Forest area | 17.4% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Mobile cellular subscriptions | 112.6 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fixed broadband subscriptions | 36.5 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secure Internet servers | 44,299 per million | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude | -35.2820° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Longitude | 149.1290° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude (Wikidata) | -25.0000° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Longitude (Wikidata) | 133.0000° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Time zone | UTC+10:00 | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Form of government | representative democracy, constitutional monarchy, federation | current | Wikidata | Reported |
Data attribution
Credits below are generated from sources actually used by this country profile. Source-specific terms take precedence.
- CIA World Factbook, final 2025 country profile (structured via factbook.json). Accessed September 20, 2026. U.S. Government public-domain data; retained as a reference source where a newer approved field is not available. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, International Migrant Stock 2024; data access/processing via Our World in Data. Accessed September 20, 2026. Underlying UN dataset used under CC BY 3.0 IGO. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects (WPP indicator 49) Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 3.0 IGO; current-year WPP population values are presented as estimates/projections where applicable. Source · Terms/licence
- UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics Database. Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 4.0 except where a dataset identifies a different source or licence. Source · Terms/licence
- Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), Country-Year Dataset v16 (variables: v2mebias, v2mecenefm, v2mecrit, v2meharjrn, v2merange, v2meslfcen, v2x_freexp_altinf) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0; V-Dem measures are expert-coded/modelled and no V-Dem endorsement is implied. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikidata structured data (CC0). Accessed September 20, 2026. Attribution is provided by Knelstrom for provenance although CC0 does not require it. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikipedia, “LGBTQ rights by country or territory” (source revision/data fields: Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Gender identity / expression law, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Open military service, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Recognition of same-sex relationships, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex adoption, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex marriage, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex sexual activity, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0. Knelstrom changes formatting and presents the imported material as a community-edited legal-status summary, not legal advice or a Knelstrom rights score. Source · Terms/licence
- World Bank, World Development Indicators (series: AG.LND.FRST.ZS, country_metadata, EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS, EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS, EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC, FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG, IT.CEL.SETS.P2, IT.NET.BBND.P2, IT.NET.SECR.P6, IT.NET.USER.ZS, NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS, NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS, NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS, NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG, NY.GDP.PCAP.CD, SE.SEC.ENRR, SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS, SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS, SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS, SM.POP.ASYS.EO, SM.POP.NETM, SM.POP.RHCR.EO, SM.POP.TOTL, SM.POP.TOTL.ZS, SP.DYN.IMRT.IN, SP.DYN.LE00.IN, SP.DYN.TFRT.IN, SP.POP.TOTL, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS) Accessed September 20, 2026. Data used under CC BY 4.0; Knelstrom presentation/formatting may differ from the source. Source · Terms/licence
- Country flag from Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AAustralia_ensign_and_merchant_flag%2C_1934_Commonwealth_of_Australia_Gazette.jpg
Knelstrom does not imply endorsement by any listed data provider.
Last automated statistical refresh: 2026-09-20 02:05:12