Knelstrom Intelligence · World Factbook
Panama
Panamá
CapitalPanama City
Population4,571,189
GDP$90.5bn
Area74,177 km²
RegionLatin America & Caribbean
Data sources current · last checked September 20, 2026 2:11 am
Country facts
Overview
Background
Explored and settled by the Spanish in the 16th century, Panama broke with Spain in 1821 and joined a union of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela that was named the Republic of Gran Colombia. When the union dissolved in 1830, Panama remained part of Colombia. With US backing, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 and promptly signed a treaty with the US allowing for the construction of a canal and US sovereignty over a strip of land known as the Panama Canal Zone on either side of the structure. The US Army Corps of Engineers built the Panama Canal between 1904 and 1914. In 1977, an agreement was signed for the complete transfer of the Canal from the US to Panama by the end of the century. Certain portions of the Zone and increasing responsibility over the Canal were turned over in the subsequent decades. With US help, Panamanian dictator Manuel NORIEGA was deposed in 1989. The entire Panama Canal, the area supporting the Canal, and remaining US military bases were transferred to Panama by the end of 1999. An ambitious expansion project to more than double the Canal's capacity by allowing for more Canal transits and larger ships was carried out between 2007 and 2016.
Reference: 2016, 2007, 1999, 1989Geography
Location
Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica
Map references
Central America and the Caribbean
Area
total: 75,420 sq km
land: 74,340 sq km
water: 1,080 sq km
land: 74,340 sq km
water: 1,080 sq km
Area - comparative
slightly smaller than South Carolina
Land boundaries
total: 687 km
border countries: Colombia 339 km; Costa Rica 348 km
border countries: Colombia 339 km; Costa Rica 348 km
Coastline
2,490 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm or edge of continental margin
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm or edge of continental margin
Climate
tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)
Terrain
interior mostly steep, rugged mountains with dissected, upland plains; coastal plains with rolling hills
Elevation
highest point: Volcan Baru 3,475 m
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
mean elevation: 360 m
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
mean elevation: 360 m
Natural resources
copper, mahogany forests, shrimp, hydropower
Land use
agricultural land: 29.5% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 7.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 20.3% (2023 est.)
forest: 62.3% (2023 est.)
other: 8.2% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 7.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 20.3% (2023 est.)
forest: 62.3% (2023 est.)
other: 8.2% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
394 sq km (2022)
Reference: 2022Major lakes (area sq km)
salt water lake(s): Laguna de Chiriqui - 900 sq km
Population distribution
population is concentrated towards the center of the country, particularly around the Canal, but a sizeable segment of the populace also lives in the far west around David; the eastern third of the country is sparsely inhabited
Natural hazards
occasional severe storms and forest fires in the Darien area
Geography - note
strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming land bridge that connects North and South America; controls the Panama Canal, which links the North Atlantic Ocean with the North Pacific Ocean via the Caribbean Sea
Population & Society
Nationality
noun: Panamanian(s)
adjective: Panamanian
adjective: Panamanian
Ethnic groups
Mestizo (mixed Indigenous and White) 65%, Indigenous 12.3% (Ngabe 7.6%, Kuna 2.4%, Embera 0.9%, Bugle 0.8%, other 0.4%, unspecified 0.2%), Black or African descent 9.2%, Mulatto 6.8%, White 6.7% (2010 est.)
Reference: 2010Languages
Languages: Spanish (official), Indigenous languages (including Ngabere (Guaymi), Buglere, Kuna, Embera, Wounaan, Naso (Teribe), and Bri Bri), Panamanian English Creole (a mixture of English and Spanish with elements of Ngabere, also known as Guari Guari and Colon Creole), English, Chinese (Yue and Hakka), Arabic, French Creole, other (Yiddish, Hebrew, Korean, Japanese)
major-language sample(s): La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
major-language sample(s): La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Evangelical 55%, Roman Catholic 33.4%, none 10.1%, unspecified 1.5% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Age structure
0-14 years: 25% (male 574,336/female 544,180)
15-64 years: 64.8% (male 1,465,907/female 1,433,023)
65 years and over: 10.1% (2024 est.) (male 211,014/female 241,781)
Reference: 202415-64 years: 64.8% (male 1,465,907/female 1,433,023)
65 years and over: 10.1% (2024 est.) (male 211,014/female 241,781)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 54.2 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 38.6 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 15.6 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 6.4 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024youth dependency ratio: 38.6 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 15.6 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 6.4 (2024 est.)
Median age
total: 31.5 years (2024 est.)
male: 31 years
female: 31.9 years
Reference: 2024male: 31 years
female: 31.9 years
Population growth rate
1.48% (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Birth rate
17.4 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Death rate
5.7 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Population distribution
population is concentrated towards the center of the country, particularly around the Canal, but a sizeable segment of the populace also lives in the far west around David; the eastern third of the country is sparsely inhabited
Major urban areas - population
1.977 million PANAMA CITY (capital) (2023)
Reference: 2023Sex ratio
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Reference: 20240-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
37 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Gross reproduction rate
1.14 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Drinking water source
improved: urban: urban: 98.5% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 86.1% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 94.7% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 1.5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 13.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 5.3% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 86.1% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 94.7% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 1.5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 13.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 5.3% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 9.7% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 22.2% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 22.2% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
1.63 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Reference: 2022Hospital bed density
1.9 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: urban: 96.1% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 70.1% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 88% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 3.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 29.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 12% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 70.1% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 88% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 3.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 29.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 12% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
22.7% (2016)
Reference: 2016Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 6.54 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 5.29 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 1.2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019beer: 5.29 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 1.2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use
total: 4.5% (2025 est.)
male: 7.4% (2025 est.)
female: 1.7% (2025 est.)
male: 7.4% (2025 est.)
female: 1.7% (2025 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
2.9% (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019Currently married women (ages 15-49)
58.6% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 13 years (2016 est.)
male: 12 years (2016 est.)
female: 14 years (2016 est.)
Reference: 2016male: 12 years (2016 est.)
female: 14 years (2016 est.)
Migration & Displacement
Immigrant/emigrant stock measures the number of international migrants resident in, or originating from, the country; it is not the same as annual immigration/emigration flows.
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 10,801 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 928 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024stateless persons: 928 (2024 est.)
Government & Politics
| Office | Holder | Affiliation | From | Status | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Head of state | José Raúl Mulino | — | 2024-07-01 | Current | Reported |
| Head of government | José Raúl Mulino | — | 2024-07-01 | Current | Reported |
Country name
conventional long form: Republic of Panama
conventional short form: Panama
local long form: República de Panama
local short form: Panama
etymology: origin is unclear; may come from a Guarani word meaning "place of many fish"
conventional short form: Panama
local long form: República de Panama
local short form: Panama
etymology: origin is unclear; may come from a Guarani word meaning "place of many fish"
Capital
name: Panama City
geographic coordinates: 8 58 N, 79 32 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: origin is unclear; may come from a Guaraní word meaning "place of many fish"
geographic coordinates: 8 58 N, 79 32 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: origin is unclear; may come from a Guaraní word meaning "place of many fish"
Administrative divisions
10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 4 indigenous regions* (comarcas); Bocas del Toro, Chiriquí, Coclé, Colon, Darien, Embera-Wounaan*, Guna Yala*, Herrera, Los Santos, Naso Tjer Di*, Ngabe-Bugle*, Panama, Panama Oeste, Veraguas
Legal system
civil law system; Supreme Court of Justice reviews legislative acts
Constitution
history: several previous; latest effective 11 October 1972
amendment process: proposed by the National Assembly, by the Cabinet, or by the Supreme Court of Justice; passage requires approval by one of two procedures: 1) absolute majority vote of the Assembly membership in each of three readings and by absolute majority vote of the next elected Assembly in a single reading without textual modifications; 2) absolute majority vote of the Assembly membership in each of three readings, followed by absolute majority vote of the next elected Assembly in each of three readings with textual modifications, and approval in a referendum
Reference: 1972amendment process: proposed by the National Assembly, by the Cabinet, or by the Supreme Court of Justice; passage requires approval by one of two procedures: 1) absolute majority vote of the Assembly membership in each of three readings and by absolute majority vote of the next elected Assembly in a single reading without textual modifications; 2) absolute majority vote of the Assembly membership in each of three readings, followed by absolute majority vote of the next elected Assembly in each of three readings with textual modifications, and approval in a referendum
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: yes
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch
chief of state: President José Raúl MULINO Quintero (since 1 July 2024)
head of government: President José Raúl MULINO Quintero (since 1 July 2024)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
election/appointment process: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by simple-majority popular vote for a 5-year term; president eligible for a single non-consecutive term)
most recent election date: 5 May 2024
election results: 2024: José Raúl MULINO Quintero elected president; percent of vote - José Raúl MULINO Quintero (RM) 34.2%, Ricardo Alberto LOMBANA González (MOCA) 24.6%, Martín Erasto TORRIJOS Espino (PP) 16%, Alberto ROUX Moses (CD) 11.4%, Zulay RODRÍGUEZ Lu (independent) 6.6%, José Gabriel CARRIZO Jaén (PRD) 5.9%, other 1.3%
2019: Laurentino "Nito" CORTIZO Cohen elected president; percent of vote - Laurentino CORTIZO Cohen (PRD) 33.3%, Romulo ROUX (CD) 31%, Ricardo LOMBANA (independent) 18.8%, Jose BLANDON (Panameñista Party) 10.8%, Ana Matilde GOMEZ Ruiloba (independent) 4.8%, other 1.3%
expected date of next election: May 2029
note: note: the president is both chief of state and head of government
Reference: 2029, 2024, 2019head of government: President José Raúl MULINO Quintero (since 1 July 2024)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
election/appointment process: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by simple-majority popular vote for a 5-year term; president eligible for a single non-consecutive term)
most recent election date: 5 May 2024
election results: 2024: José Raúl MULINO Quintero elected president; percent of vote - José Raúl MULINO Quintero (RM) 34.2%, Ricardo Alberto LOMBANA González (MOCA) 24.6%, Martín Erasto TORRIJOS Espino (PP) 16%, Alberto ROUX Moses (CD) 11.4%, Zulay RODRÍGUEZ Lu (independent) 6.6%, José Gabriel CARRIZO Jaén (PRD) 5.9%, other 1.3%
2019: Laurentino "Nito" CORTIZO Cohen elected president; percent of vote - Laurentino CORTIZO Cohen (PRD) 33.3%, Romulo ROUX (CD) 31%, Ricardo LOMBANA (independent) 18.8%, Jose BLANDON (Panameñista Party) 10.8%, Ana Matilde GOMEZ Ruiloba (independent) 4.8%, other 1.3%
expected date of next election: May 2029
note: note: the president is both chief of state and head of government
Legislative branch
legislature name: National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional)
legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 71 (all directly elected)
electoral system: mixed system
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 5/5/2024
parties elected and seats per party: Realizing Goals (RM) (14); Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) (13); Democratic Change (CD) (8); Panamenista Party (8); Independents (20); Other (8)
percentage of women in chamber: 21.7%
expected date of next election: May 2029
Reference: 2029, 2024legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 71 (all directly elected)
electoral system: mixed system
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 5/5/2024
parties elected and seats per party: Realizing Goals (RM) (14); Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) (13); Democratic Change (CD) (8); Panamenista Party (8); Independents (20); Other (8)
percentage of women in chamber: 21.7%
expected date of next election: May 2029
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (consists of 9 magistrates and 9 alternates and divided into civil, criminal, administrative, and general business chambers)
judge selection and term of office: magistrates appointed by the president for staggered 10-year terms
subordinate courts: appellate courts or Tribunal Superior; Labor Supreme Courts; Court of Audit; circuit courts or Tribunal Circuital (2 each in 9 of the 10 provinces); municipal courts; electoral, family, maritime, and adolescent courts
judge selection and term of office: magistrates appointed by the president for staggered 10-year terms
subordinate courts: appellate courts or Tribunal Superior; Labor Supreme Courts; Court of Audit; circuit courts or Tribunal Circuital (2 each in 9 of the 10 provinces); municipal courts; electoral, family, maritime, and adolescent courts
Political parties
Alliance Party or PA
Alternative Independent Socialist Party or PAIS
Another Way Movement or MOCA
Democratic Change or CD
Democratic Revolutionary Party or PRD
Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement or MOLIRENA
Panameñista Party (formerly the Arnulfista Party)
Popular Party or PP (formerly Christian Democratic Party or PDC)
Realizing Goals Party or RM
Alternative Independent Socialist Party or PAIS
Another Way Movement or MOCA
Democratic Change or CD
Democratic Revolutionary Party or PRD
Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement or MOLIRENA
Panameñista Party (formerly the Arnulfista Party)
Popular Party or PP (formerly Christian Democratic Party or PDC)
Realizing Goals Party or RM
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador José Miguel ALEMÁN HEALY (since 18 September 2024)
chancery: 2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 483-1407
FAX: [1] (202) 483-8413
email address and website: info@embassyofpanama.org
https://www.embassyofpanama.org/
consulate(s) general: Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Tampa
Reference: 2024chancery: 2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 483-1407
FAX: [1] (202) 483-8413
email address and website: info@embassyofpanama.org
https://www.embassyofpanama.org/
consulate(s) general: Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Tampa
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Kevin Marino CABRERA (since 5 May 2025)
embassy: Building 783, Demetrio Basilio Lakas Avenue, Clayton
mailing address: 9100 Panama City PL, Washington, DC 20521-9100
telephone: [507] 317-5000
FAX: [507] 317-5568
email address and website: Panama-ACS@state.gov
https://pa.usembassy.gov/
embassy: Building 783, Demetrio Basilio Lakas Avenue, Clayton
mailing address: 9100 Panama City PL, Washington, DC 20521-9100
telephone: [507] 317-5000
FAX: [507] 317-5568
email address and website: Panama-ACS@state.gov
https://pa.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
ACS, BCIE, CAN (observer), CD, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, SICA, UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Independence
3 November 1903 (from Colombia); 28 November 1821 (from Spain)
Reference: 1903National holiday
Independence Day (Separation Day), 3 November (1903)
Reference: 1903Flag
description: divided into four equal rectangles; one of the top quadrants is white (left side) with a five-pointed blue star in the center, and the other is plain red; one of the bottom quadrants is plain blue (left side), and the other is white with a five-pointed red star in the center
meaning: blue and red stand for the main political parties, and white for peace between them; the blue star stands for the civic virtues of purity and honesty, and the red star for authority and law
meaning: blue and red stand for the main political parties, and white for peace between them; the blue star stands for the civic virtues of purity and honesty, and the red star for authority and law
National symbol(s)
harpy eagle
National color(s)
blue, white, red
National anthem(s)
title: "Himno Istmeno" (Isthmus Hymn)
lyrics/music: Jeronimo DE LA OSSA/Santos A. JORGE
history: adopted 1925
Reference: 1925lyrics/music: Jeronimo DE LA OSSA/Santos A. JORGE
history: adopted 1925
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites: 6 (3 cultural, 3 natural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Caribbean Fortifications (c); Darien National Park (n); Talamanca Range-La Amistad National Park (n); Panamá Viejo and Historic District of Panamá (c); Coiba National Park (n); The Colonial Transisthmian Route of Panamá (c)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Caribbean Fortifications (c); Darien National Park (n); Talamanca Range-La Amistad National Park (n); Panamá Viejo and Historic District of Panamá (c); Coiba National Park (n); The Colonial Transisthmian Route of Panamá (c)
Government & Official Links
| Institution | Official website | X / Twitter | Verification |
|---|---|---|---|
| Panama official website | Official website | — | Reported · source Checked September 20, 2026 |
Institutional accounts only; personal accounts of political office-holders are excluded.
Legislature & Elections
Legislature
| Name | Chamber | Seats | Electoral system |
|---|---|---|---|
| National Assembly of Panama | — | 71 | — |
Economy
Economic overview
upper middle-income Central American economy; increasing Chinese trade; US dollar user; canal expansion fueling broader infrastructure investment; services sector dominates economy; historic money-laundering and illegal drug hub
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $164.484 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $159.908 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $148.891 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $159.908 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $148.891 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2024: $36,400 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $35,900 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $33,800 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP per capita 2023: $35,900 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $33,800 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 2.6% (2024 est.)
industry: 26.3% (2024 est.)
services: 68.8% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Reference: 2024industry: 26.3% (2024 est.)
services: 68.8% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption: 46.7% (2023 est.)
government consumption: 12.2% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 32.3% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: 5.4% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 46.5% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -43.1% (2023 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Reference: 2023government consumption: 12.2% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 32.3% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: 5.4% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 46.5% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -43.1% (2023 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
sugarcane, rice, bananas, oranges, oil palm fruit, chicken, plantains, maize, milk, pineapples (2023)
note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Reference: 2023note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
construction, brewing, cement and other construction materials, sugar milling
Industrial production growth rate
-2.6% (2024 est.)
note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Reference: 2024note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Labor force
2.206 million (2024 est.)
note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Reference: 2024note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 16.8% (2024 est.)
male: 13.4% (2024 est.)
female: 22.1% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Reference: 2024male: 13.4% (2024 est.)
female: 22.1% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Population below poverty line
21.8% (2021 est.)
note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Reference: 2021note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2023: 48.9 (2023 est.)
note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Reference: 2023note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Average household expenditures
on food: 15.4% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 1.6% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023on alcohol and tobacco: 1.6% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 1.2% (2023 est.)
highest 10%: 36.9% (2023 est.)
note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Reference: 2023highest 10%: 36.9% (2023 est.)
note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances
Remittances 2024: 0.6% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances 2023: 0.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 0.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Remittances 2023: 0.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 0.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget
revenues: $7.57 billion (2021 est.)
expenditures: $12.046 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Reference: 2021expenditures: $12.046 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Public debt
Public debt 2016: 37.4% of GDP (2016 est.)
Reference: 2016Taxes and other revenues
7.5% (of GDP) (2021 est.)
note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Reference: 2021note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: $1.672 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$2.581 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $28.769 million (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Current account balance 2023: -$2.581 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $28.769 million (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2024: $37.376 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $37.905 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $35.717 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Exports 2023: $37.905 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $35.717 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
China 25%, Japan 10%, USA 6%, Thailand 5%, Costa Rica 5% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
copper ore, ships, refined petroleum, bananas, fish (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2024: $30.887 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $35.927 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $32.646 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Imports 2023: $35.927 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $32.646 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
USA 15%, Colombia 13%, China 13%, Ecuador 13%, Japan 11% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
crude petroleum, ships, refined petroleum, nitrogen compounds, cars (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $6.856 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $6.757 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $6.876 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $6.757 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $6.876 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Exchange rates
Currency: balboas (PAB) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024: 1 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 1 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 1 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 1 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 1 (2020 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Exchange rates 2024: 1 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 1 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 1 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 1 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 1 (2020 est.)
Trade
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: $1.672 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$2.581 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $28.769 million (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Current account balance 2023: -$2.581 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $28.769 million (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2024: $37.376 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $37.905 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $35.717 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Exports 2023: $37.905 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $35.717 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
China 25%, Japan 10%, USA 6%, Thailand 5%, Costa Rica 5% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
copper ore, ships, refined petroleum, bananas, fish (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2024: $30.887 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $35.927 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $32.646 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Imports 2023: $35.927 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $32.646 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
USA 15%, Colombia 13%, China 13%, Ecuador 13%, Japan 11% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
crude petroleum, ships, refined petroleum, nitrogen compounds, cars (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Energy & Resources
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 4.485 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 11.777 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 404.9 million kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 234 million kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 924.16 million kWh (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 11.777 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 404.9 million kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 234 million kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 924.16 million kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 38.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 6.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 6.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 47.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023solar: 6.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 6.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 47.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Coal
consumption: 863,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 863,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023imports: 863,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
refined petroleum consumption: 131,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Natural gas
consumption: 564.786 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 564.786 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023imports: 564.786 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 78.01 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Infrastructure
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 811,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 18 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 18 (2023 est.)
Health
Maternal mortality ratio
37 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 9.7% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 22.2% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 22.2% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
1.63 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Reference: 2022Hospital bed density
1.9 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020Obesity - adult prevalence rate
22.7% (2016)
Reference: 2016Tobacco use
total: 4.5% (2025 est.)
male: 7.4% (2025 est.)
female: 1.7% (2025 est.)
male: 7.4% (2025 est.)
female: 1.7% (2025 est.)
Education
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 13 years (2016 est.)
male: 12 years (2016 est.)
female: 14 years (2016 est.)
Reference: 2016male: 12 years (2016 est.)
female: 14 years (2016 est.)
Rights, Freedoms & Society
Press & Media Freedom
V-Dem expert-coded/modelled source measures. Knelstrom does not create a press-freedom ranking or composite score.
LGBTQ+ Rights & Law
Concrete legal-status fields only; Knelstrom does not generate an LGBTQ rights score or country ranking.
Source: Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory (CC BY-SA 4.0). Community-edited legal-status summary; retrieved by Knelstrom and not legal advice.
Crime & Justice
Legal system
civil law system; Supreme Court of Justice reviews legislative acts
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (consists of 9 magistrates and 9 alternates and divided into civil, criminal, administrative, and general business chambers)
judge selection and term of office: magistrates appointed by the president for staggered 10-year terms
subordinate courts: appellate courts or Tribunal Superior; Labor Supreme Courts; Court of Audit; circuit courts or Tribunal Circuital (2 each in 9 of the 10 provinces); municipal courts; electoral, family, maritime, and adolescent courts
judge selection and term of office: magistrates appointed by the president for staggered 10-year terms
subordinate courts: appellate courts or Tribunal Superior; Labor Supreme Courts; Court of Audit; circuit courts or Tribunal Circuital (2 each in 9 of the 10 provinces); municipal courts; electoral, family, maritime, and adolescent courts
Military & Security
Military and security forces
no regular military forces; Ministry of Public Security: National Police (Policía Nacional, PN), National Aeronaval Service (Servicio Nacional Aeronaval, SENAN), National Border Service (Servicio Nacional de Fronteras, SENAFRONT) (2025)
note: note 1: collectively, the security forces are known as the Panamanian Public Forces
note 2: the PNP includes a special forces directorate with counterterrorism and counternarcotics units; SENAFRONT has four regionally based border security brigades, plus a specialized brigade comprised of special forces, counternarcotics, maritime, and rapid reaction units
note: note 1: collectively, the security forces are known as the Panamanian Public Forces
note 2: the PNP includes a special forces directorate with counterterrorism and counternarcotics units; SENAFRONT has four regionally based border security brigades, plus a specialized brigade comprised of special forces, counternarcotics, maritime, and rapid reaction units
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2024: 1.1% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 1.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 1.3% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2020: 1.4% of GDP (2020 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Military Expenditures 2023: 1.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 1.3% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2020: 1.4% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 30,000 Ministry of Public Security personnel (2025)
Military - note
the Panamanian Public Forces focus on law enforcement, border control, and maritime security; the National Police are responsible for internal law enforcement and public order, while the National Border Service (SENAFRONT) handles border security; the Aeronaval Service is responsible for carrying out air and naval operations that include some internal security responsibilities; key areas of focus are countering narcotics trafficking and securing the border, particularly along the frontier with Colombia where SENAFRONT maintains a significant presence
Panama created a paramilitary National Guard (Guardia Nacional de Panamá) in the 1950s from the former National Police (established 1904); the National Guard subsequently evolved into more of a military force with some police responsibilities; it seized power in a coup in 1968 and military officers ran the country until 1989; in 1983, the National Guard was renamed the Panama Defense Force (PDF); the PDF was disbanded after the 1989 US invasion and the current national police forces were formed in 1990; the armed forces were officially abolished under the 1994 Constitution (2025)
Reference: 2025, 1994, 1990, 1989Panama created a paramilitary National Guard (Guardia Nacional de Panamá) in the 1950s from the former National Police (established 1904); the National Guard subsequently evolved into more of a military force with some police responsibilities; it seized power in a coup in 1968 and military officers ran the country until 1989; in 1983, the National Guard was renamed the Panama Defense Force (PDF); the PDF was disbanded after the 1989 US invasion and the current national police forces were formed in 1990; the armed forces were officially abolished under the 1994 Constitution (2025)
International Relations
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador José Miguel ALEMÁN HEALY (since 18 September 2024)
chancery: 2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 483-1407
FAX: [1] (202) 483-8413
email address and website: info@embassyofpanama.org
https://www.embassyofpanama.org/
consulate(s) general: Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Tampa
Reference: 2024chancery: 2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 483-1407
FAX: [1] (202) 483-8413
email address and website: info@embassyofpanama.org
https://www.embassyofpanama.org/
consulate(s) general: Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Tampa
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Kevin Marino CABRERA (since 5 May 2025)
embassy: Building 783, Demetrio Basilio Lakas Avenue, Clayton
mailing address: 9100 Panama City PL, Washington, DC 20521-9100
telephone: [507] 317-5000
FAX: [507] 317-5568
email address and website: Panama-ACS@state.gov
https://pa.usembassy.gov/
embassy: Building 783, Demetrio Basilio Lakas Avenue, Clayton
mailing address: 9100 Panama City PL, Washington, DC 20521-9100
telephone: [507] 317-5000
FAX: [507] 317-5568
email address and website: Panama-ACS@state.gov
https://pa.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
ACS, BCIE, CAN (observer), CD, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, SICA, UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Treaties & Organisations
| Organisation | Status | Joined |
|---|---|---|
| United Nations (UN) | member | 1945-11-13 |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | member | 1997-09-06 |
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
International organization participation
ACS, BCIE, CAN (observer), CD, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, SICA, UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Conflict & Security
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 10,801 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 928 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024stateless persons: 928 (2024 est.)
Illicit drugs
USG identification: major illicit drug-producing and/or drug-transit country (2025)
Terrorist group(s)
Tren de Aragua (TdA)
note: note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
note: note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
Transportation & Logistics
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
HP
Airports
77 (2025)
Heliports
1 (2025)
Railways
total: 77 km (2014)
standard gauge: 77 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge
Reference: 2014standard gauge: 77 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge
Merchant marine
total: 8,174 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 2732, container ship 671, general cargo 1,428, oil tanker 866, other 2,477
Reference: 2023by type: bulk carrier 2732, container ship 671, general cargo 1,428, oil tanker 866, other 2,477
Ports
total ports: 12 (2024)
large: 0
medium: 3
small: 3
very small: 5
size unknown: 1
ports with oil terminals: 5
key ports: Bahia de las Minas, Balboa, Pedregal, Puerto Armuelles, Puerto Colon, Puerto Cristobal
Reference: 2024large: 0
medium: 3
small: 3
very small: 5
size unknown: 1
ports with oil terminals: 5
key ports: Bahia de las Minas, Balboa, Pedregal, Puerto Armuelles, Puerto Colon, Puerto Cristobal
Environment
Environmental issues
water pollution from agricultural runoff; deforestation of tropical rainforest; land degradation and soil erosion in Panama Canal; air pollution in urban areas; effects of mining
International environmental agreements
party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Reference: 2006signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Climate
tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)
Land use
agricultural land: 29.5% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 7.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 20.3% (2023 est.)
forest: 62.3% (2023 est.)
other: 8.2% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 7.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 20.3% (2023 est.)
forest: 62.3% (2023 est.)
other: 8.2% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 69.5% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.92% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2020rate of urbanization: 1.92% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions: 23.458 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 1.969 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 20.389 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 1.101 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023from coal and metallurgical coke: 1.969 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 20.389 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 1.101 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
11.9 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 1.472 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 14.2% (2022 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 14.2% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 759.1 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial: 6.2 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 446.1 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022industrial: 6.2 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 446.1 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total renewable water resources
139.304 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022Communications & Media
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 811,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 18 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 18 (2023 est.)
Broadcast media
multiple privately owned TV networks and a government-owned educational TV station; multi-channel cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; more than 100 commercial radio stations (2019)
Reference: 2019Internet country code
.pa
Historical Trends
Population
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Population data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 4,029,086 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 4,098,707 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 4,167,860 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 4,234,700 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 4,293,261 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 4,345,405 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 4,400,773 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 4,458,759 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 4,515,577 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 4,571,189 | world_bank_wdi |
GDP (current US$)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View GDP (current US$) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | $59,760,858,700 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | $64,327,688,800 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | $67,316,471,200 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | $69,778,991,200 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | $57,059,846,500 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | $67,396,392,500 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | $76,479,304,500 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | $83,812,155,200 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | $86,523,959,100 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | $90,462,600,000 | world_bank_wdi |
International migrant stock (immigrants)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International migrant stock (immigrants) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 313,165 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 477,749 | world_bank_wdi |
International emigrant stock
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International emigrant stock data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 144,087 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 1995 | 131,983 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2000 | 166,111 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2005 | 167,840 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2010 | 173,244 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2015 | 177,743 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2020 | 179,794 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2024 | 194,816 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
Net migration
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Net migration data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 10,109 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 11,059 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 11,130 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 10,623 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 5,473 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 5,473 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 7,967 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 7,262 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 6,706 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 6,151 | world_bank_wdi |
Sources & Methodology
Current statistical observations include their reference period and provenance. Reference fields from approved source datasets are attributed below. Missing information is left unknown rather than inferred.
| Indicator | Value | Period | Source | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 4,571,189 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| UN Population Division population estimate | 4,625,718 | 2026 | UN Population Division Data Portal | Estimated |
| Wikidata population (fallback) | 4,570,133 | 2025 | Wikidata | Reported |
| International migrant stock (immigrants) | 477,749 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International migrant stock | 10.6% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International emigrant stock | 194,816 | 2024 | UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2024 | Estimated |
| Net migration | 6,151 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Refugees hosted | 2,694 | 2025 | UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics | Verified |
| Asylum seekers hosted | 4,129 | 2025 | UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics | Verified |
| Refugees from this country | 375 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Asylum seekers from this country | 2,996 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Freedom of expression & alternative information index | 0.812 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Government censorship effort — media | 0.827 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Harassment of journalists | 0.707 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Print/broadcast media critical of government | 1.714 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Range of perspectives in major media | 0.784 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media bias | 0.972 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media self-censorship | 0.657 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Same-sex sexual activity | Yes Legal since 2008; + UN decl. sign. | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Recognition of same-sex relationships | No Court decision pending | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex marriage | No Court decision pending | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex adoption | No Court decision pending | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Open military service | Has no military | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law | Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Gender identity / expression law | Yes Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2006 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| GDP (current US$) | $90,462,600,000 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP per capita (current US$) | $19,790 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP growth | 4.4% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Inflation, consumer prices | -0.2% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Unemployment | 8.4% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Income level | High income | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Life expectancy at birth | 79.8 years | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fertility rate | 2.1 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Urban population | 66.2% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Individuals using the Internet | 72.8% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Exports of goods and services | 44.4% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Imports of goods and services | 39.3% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Trade | 83.7% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Adult literacy rate | 96.2% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secondary school enrolment, gross | 76.6% | 2017 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Government education expenditure | 2.5% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Access to electricity | 96.0% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Electric power consumption | 2,715 kWh/person | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Renewable energy consumption | 28.0% | 2021 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Current health expenditure | 8.3% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Infant mortality rate | 12.0 per 1,000 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Forest area | 56.3% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Mobile cellular subscriptions | 156.6 per 100 | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fixed broadband subscriptions | 18.1 per 100 | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secure Internet servers | 2,234 per million | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude | 8.9943° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Longitude | -79.5188° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude (Wikidata) | 8.6167° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Longitude (Wikidata) | -80.3667° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Time zone | America/Panama | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Form of government | presidential system | current | Wikidata | Reported |
Data attribution
Credits below are generated from sources actually used by this country profile. Source-specific terms take precedence.
- CIA World Factbook, final 2025 country profile (structured via factbook.json). Accessed September 20, 2026. U.S. Government public-domain data; retained as a reference source where a newer approved field is not available. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, International Migrant Stock 2024; data access/processing via Our World in Data. Accessed September 20, 2026. Underlying UN dataset used under CC BY 3.0 IGO. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects (WPP indicator 49) Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 3.0 IGO; current-year WPP population values are presented as estimates/projections where applicable. Source · Terms/licence
- UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics Database. Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 4.0 except where a dataset identifies a different source or licence. Source · Terms/licence
- Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), Country-Year Dataset v16 (variables: v2mebias, v2mecenefm, v2mecrit, v2meharjrn, v2merange, v2meslfcen, v2x_freexp_altinf) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0; V-Dem measures are expert-coded/modelled and no V-Dem endorsement is implied. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikidata structured data (CC0). Accessed September 20, 2026. Attribution is provided by Knelstrom for provenance although CC0 does not require it. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikipedia, “LGBTQ rights by country or territory” (source revision/data fields: Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Gender identity / expression law, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Open military service, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Recognition of same-sex relationships, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex adoption, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex marriage, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex sexual activity, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0. Knelstrom changes formatting and presents the imported material as a community-edited legal-status summary, not legal advice or a Knelstrom rights score. Source · Terms/licence
- World Bank, World Development Indicators (series: AG.LND.FRST.ZS, country_metadata, EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS, EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS, EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC, FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG, IT.CEL.SETS.P2, IT.NET.BBND.P2, IT.NET.SECR.P6, IT.NET.USER.ZS, NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS, NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS, NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS, NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG, NY.GDP.PCAP.CD, SE.ADT.LITR.ZS, SE.SEC.ENRR, SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS, SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS, SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS, SM.POP.ASYS.EO, SM.POP.NETM, SM.POP.RHCR.EO, SM.POP.TOTL, SM.POP.TOTL.ZS, SP.DYN.IMRT.IN, SP.DYN.LE00.IN, SP.DYN.TFRT.IN, SP.POP.TOTL, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS) Accessed September 20, 2026. Data used under CC BY 4.0; Knelstrom presentation/formatting may differ from the source. Source · Terms/licence
Knelstrom does not imply endorsement by any listed data provider.
Last automated statistical refresh: 2026-09-20 02:10:30