Knelstrom Intelligence · World Factbook
Cuba
Republic of Cuba
CapitalHavana
Population10,937,203
GDP$107.4bn
Area109,884 km²
RegionLatin America & Caribbean
Data sources current · last checked September 20, 2026 2:10 am
Country facts
Overview
Background
The native Amerindian population of Cuba began to decline after the arrival of Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492, as the country was developed as a Spanish colony during the next several centuries. Large numbers of African slaves were imported to work the coffee and sugar plantations, and Havana became the launching point for the annual treasure fleets bound for Spain from Mexico and Peru. Spanish rule eventually provoked an independence movement, and occasional rebellions were harshly suppressed. US intervention during the Spanish-American War in 1898 assisted the Cubans in overthrowing Spanish rule. The Treaty of Paris established Cuban independence from Spain in 1898, and after three-and-a-half years of subsequent US military rule, Cuba became an independent republic in 1902.
Cuba then experienced a string of governments mostly dominated by the military and corrupt politicians. Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959; his authoritarian rule held the subsequent regime together for nearly five decades. He handed off the presidency to his younger brother Raul CASTRO in 2008. Cuba's communist revolution, with Soviet support, was exported throughout Latin America and Africa during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez, hand-picked by Raul CASTRO to succeed him, was approved as president by the National Assembly and took office in 2018. DIAZ-CANEL was appointed First Secretary of the Communist Party in 2021 after the retirement of Raul CASTRO and continues to serve as both president and first secretary. Cuba traditionally and consistently portrays the US embargo, in place since 1961, as the source of its socioeconomic difficulties. As a result of efforts begun in 2014 to reestablish diplomatic relations, the US and Cuba reopened embassies in their respective countries in 2015. The embargo remains in place, however, and the relationship between the US and Cuba remains tense. Illicit migration of Cuban nationals to the US via maritime and overland routes has been a longstanding challenge. In 2017, the US and Cuba signed a Joint Statement ending the so-called "wet-foot, dry-foot" policy, by which Cuban nationals who reached US soil were permitted to stay. Irregular Cuban maritime migration has dropped significantly since 2016, when migrant interdictions at sea topped 5,000, but land border crossings continue.
Reference: 2021, 2018, 2017, 2016Cuba then experienced a string of governments mostly dominated by the military and corrupt politicians. Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959; his authoritarian rule held the subsequent regime together for nearly five decades. He handed off the presidency to his younger brother Raul CASTRO in 2008. Cuba's communist revolution, with Soviet support, was exported throughout Latin America and Africa during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez, hand-picked by Raul CASTRO to succeed him, was approved as president by the National Assembly and took office in 2018. DIAZ-CANEL was appointed First Secretary of the Communist Party in 2021 after the retirement of Raul CASTRO and continues to serve as both president and first secretary. Cuba traditionally and consistently portrays the US embargo, in place since 1961, as the source of its socioeconomic difficulties. As a result of efforts begun in 2014 to reestablish diplomatic relations, the US and Cuba reopened embassies in their respective countries in 2015. The embargo remains in place, however, and the relationship between the US and Cuba remains tense. Illicit migration of Cuban nationals to the US via maritime and overland routes has been a longstanding challenge. In 2017, the US and Cuba signed a Joint Statement ending the so-called "wet-foot, dry-foot" policy, by which Cuban nationals who reached US soil were permitted to stay. Irregular Cuban maritime migration has dropped significantly since 2016, when migrant interdictions at sea topped 5,000, but land border crossings continue.
Geography
Location
Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, 150 km south of Key West, Florida
Map references
Central America and the Caribbean
Area
total: 110,860 sq km
land: 109,820 sq km
water: 1,040 sq km
land: 109,820 sq km
water: 1,040 sq km
Area - comparative
slightly smaller than Pennsylvania
Land boundaries
total: 28.5 km
border countries: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay 28.5 km
note: note: Guantanamo Naval Base is leased by the US and remains part of Cuba
border countries: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay 28.5 km
note: note: Guantanamo Naval Base is leased by the US and remains part of Cuba
Coastline
3,735 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate
tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)
Terrain
mostly flat to rolling plains, with rugged hills and mountains in the southeast
Elevation
highest point: Pico Turquino 1,974 m
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
mean elevation: 108 m
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
mean elevation: 108 m
Natural resources
cobalt, nickel, iron ore, chromium, copper, salt, timber, silica, petroleum, arable land
Land use
agricultural land: 61.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 28% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 6.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 27.4% (2023 est.)
forest: 34.9% (2023 est.)
other: 3.5% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 28% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 6.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 27.4% (2023 est.)
forest: 34.9% (2023 est.)
other: 3.5% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
8,700 sq km (2012)
Reference: 2012Population distribution
large population clusters found throughout the country, the more significant ones being in the larger towns and cities, particularly the capital of Havana
Natural hazards
the east coast is subject to hurricanes from August to November (in general, the country averages about one hurricane every other year); droughts are common
Geography - note
largest country in Caribbean and westernmost island of the Greater Antilles
Population & Society
Nationality
noun: Cuban(s)
adjective: Cuban
adjective: Cuban
Ethnic groups
White 64.1%, Mulatto or mixed 26.6%, Black 9.3% (2012 est.)
note: note: data represent racial self-identification from Cuba's 2012 national census
Reference: 2012note: note: data represent racial self-identification from Cuba's 2012 national census
Languages
Languages: Spanish (official)
major-language sample(s): La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
major-language sample(s): La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Christian 58.9%, folk religion 17.6%, Buddhist
note: note: folk religions include religions of African origin, spiritualism, and others intermingled with Catholicism or Protestantism; data is estimative because no authoritative source on religious affiliation exists for Cuba
note: note: folk religions include religions of African origin, spiritualism, and others intermingled with Catholicism or Protestantism; data is estimative because no authoritative source on religious affiliation exists for Cuba
Age structure
0-14 years: 16.3% (male 918,066/female 866,578)
15-64 years: 66.5% (male 3,670,531/female 3,623,658)
65 years and over: 17.2% (2024 est.) (male 852,910/female 1,034,295)
Reference: 202415-64 years: 66.5% (male 3,670,531/female 3,623,658)
65 years and over: 17.2% (2024 est.) (male 852,910/female 1,034,295)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 49.6 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 23 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 26.5 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 3.8 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024youth dependency ratio: 23 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 26.5 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 3.8 (2024 est.)
Median age
total: 42.6 years (2024 est.)
male: 41 years
female: 44.4 years
Reference: 2024male: 41 years
female: 44.4 years
Population growth rate
-0.17% (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Birth rate
9.9 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Death rate
9.5 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Population distribution
large population clusters found throughout the country, the more significant ones being in the larger towns and cities, particularly the capital of Havana
Major urban areas - population
2.149 million HAVANA (capital) (2023)
Reference: 2023Sex ratio
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Reference: 20240-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
35 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Gross reproduction rate
0.83 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Drinking water source
improved: urban: urban: 95.5% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 91.8% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 94.7% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 4.5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 8.2% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 5.3% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 91.8% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 94.7% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 4.5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 8.2% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 5.3% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 13.8% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 21% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 21% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
9.54 physicians/1,000 population (2021)
Reference: 2021Hospital bed density
4.2 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Reference: 2021Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: urban: 98.4% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 95.7% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 97.8% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 1.6% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 4.3% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 2.2% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 95.7% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 97.8% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 1.6% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 4.3% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 2.2% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
24.6% (2016)
Reference: 2016Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 4.7 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 1.77 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.23 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.69 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019beer: 1.77 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.23 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.69 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use
total: 16.7% (2025 est.)
male: 24.7% (2025 est.)
female: 9% (2025 est.)
male: 24.7% (2025 est.)
female: 9% (2025 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
2.4% (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019Currently married women (ages 15-49)
58% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Child marriage
women married by age 15: 4.8% (2019)
women married by age 18: 29.4% (2019)
men married by age 18: 5.9% (2019)
Reference: 2019women married by age 18: 29.4% (2019)
men married by age 18: 5.9% (2019)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 14 years (2023 est.)
male: 13 years (2023 est.)
female: 15 years (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023male: 13 years (2023 est.)
female: 15 years (2023 est.)
People - note
illicit emigration is a continuing problem; Cubans attempt to depart the island and enter the US using homemade rafts, alien smugglers, direct flights, or falsified visas; Cubans also use non-maritime routes to enter the US including direct flights to Miami and overland via the southwest border; the number of Cubans migrating to the US surged after the announcement of normalization of US-Cuban relations in late December 2014 but has decreased since the end of the so-called "wet-foot, dry-foot" policy on 12 January 2017
Reference: 2017, 2014Migration & Displacement
Immigrant/emigrant stock measures the number of international migrants resident in, or originating from, the country; it is not the same as annual immigration/emigration flows.
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 171 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 37,171 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024IDPs: 37,171 (2024 est.)
Government & Politics
| Office | Holder | Affiliation | From | Status | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Head of government | Manuel Marrero Cruz | — | 2019-12-21 | Current | Reported |
| Head of state | Miguel Díaz-Canel | — | 2018-04-19 | Current | Reported |
Country name
conventional long form: Republic of Cuba
conventional short form: Cuba
local long form: República de Cuba
local short form: Cuba
etymology: the origin of the name is disputed; it could be derived from a local Taino word, either cubao, meaning "where fertile land is abundant," or coabana, meaning "great place"
conventional short form: Cuba
local long form: República de Cuba
local short form: Cuba
etymology: the origin of the name is disputed; it could be derived from a local Taino word, either cubao, meaning "where fertile land is abundant," or coabana, meaning "great place"
Capital
name: Havana
geographic coordinates: 23 07 N, 82 21 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November; note - Cuba has been known to alter the schedule of DST on short notice in an attempt to conserve electricity for lighting
etymology: Spanish soldier Diego VELAZQUEZ named the city San Cristobal de la Habana, or Saint Christopher of the Habana; "Habana" may have been the name of a local ethnic group, but the meaning of the word is unknown
geographic coordinates: 23 07 N, 82 21 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November; note - Cuba has been known to alter the schedule of DST on short notice in an attempt to conserve electricity for lighting
etymology: Spanish soldier Diego VELAZQUEZ named the city San Cristobal de la Habana, or Saint Christopher of the Habana; "Habana" may have been the name of a local ethnic group, but the meaning of the word is unknown
Administrative divisions
15 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special municipality* (municipio especial); Artemisa, Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana (Havana), Las Tunas, Matanzas, Mayabeque, Pinar del Río, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara
Legal system
civil law system based on Spanish civil code
Constitution
history: several previous; latest drafted 14 July 2018, approved by the National Assembly 22 December 2018, approved by referendum 24 February 2019
amendment process: proposed by the National Assembly of People’s Power; passage requires approval of at least two-thirds majority of the National Assembly membership; amendments to constitutional articles on the authorities of the National Assembly, Council of State, or any rights and duties in the constitution also require approval in a referendum; constitutional articles on the Cuban political, social, and economic system cannot be amended
Reference: 2019, 2018amendment process: proposed by the National Assembly of People’s Power; passage requires approval of at least two-thirds majority of the National Assembly membership; amendments to constitutional articles on the authorities of the National Assembly, Council of State, or any rights and duties in the constitution also require approval in a referendum; constitutional articles on the Cuban political, social, and economic system cannot be amended
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: yes
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: unknown
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: unknown
Suffrage
16 years of age; universal
Executive branch
chief of state: President Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (since 19 April 2018)
head of government: Prime Minister Manuel MARRERO Cruz (since 21 December 2019)
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the president and appointed by the National Assembly
election/appointment process: president and vice president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term)
most recent election date: 19 April 2023
election results: 2023: Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (PCC) reelected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 97.7%; Salvador Antonio VALDES Mesa (PCC) reelected vice president; percent of National Assembly vote - 93.4%
2018: Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (PCC) elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 98.8%; Salvador Antonio VALDES Mesa (PCC) elected vice president; percent of National Assembly vote - 98.1%
expected date of next election: 2028
Reference: 2028, 2023, 2019, 2018head of government: Prime Minister Manuel MARRERO Cruz (since 21 December 2019)
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the president and appointed by the National Assembly
election/appointment process: president and vice president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term)
most recent election date: 19 April 2023
election results: 2023: Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (PCC) reelected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 97.7%; Salvador Antonio VALDES Mesa (PCC) reelected vice president; percent of National Assembly vote - 93.4%
2018: Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (PCC) elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 98.8%; Salvador Antonio VALDES Mesa (PCC) elected vice president; percent of National Assembly vote - 98.1%
expected date of next election: 2028
Legislative branch
legislature name: National Assembly of the People's Power (Asamblea nacional del Poder popular)
legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 470 (all directly elected)
electoral system: other systems
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 3/26/2023
percentage of women in chamber: 55.7%
expected date of next election: March 2028
note: note: the National Candidature Commission submits a slate of approved candidates; to be elected, candidates must receive more than 50% of valid votes, otherwise the seat remains vacant or the Council of State can declare another election
Reference: 2028, 2023legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 470 (all directly elected)
electoral system: other systems
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 3/26/2023
percentage of women in chamber: 55.7%
expected date of next election: March 2028
note: note: the National Candidature Commission submits a slate of approved candidates; to be elected, candidates must receive more than 50% of valid votes, otherwise the seat remains vacant or the Council of State can declare another election
Judicial branch
highest court(s): People's Supreme Court (consists of court president, vice president, 41 professional justices, and NA lay judges); organization includes the State Council, criminal, civil, administrative, labor, crimes against the state, and military courts)
judge selection and term of office: professional judges elected by the National Assembly are not subject to a specific term; lay judges nominated by workplace collectives and neighborhood associations and elected by municipal or provincial assemblies; lay judges appointed for 5-year terms and serve up to 30 days per year
subordinate courts: People's Provincial Courts; People's Regional Courts; People's Courts
judge selection and term of office: professional judges elected by the National Assembly are not subject to a specific term; lay judges nominated by workplace collectives and neighborhood associations and elected by municipal or provincial assemblies; lay judges appointed for 5-year terms and serve up to 30 days per year
subordinate courts: People's Provincial Courts; People's Regional Courts; People's Courts
Political parties
Cuban Communist Party or PCC
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Lianys TORRES RIVERA (since 14 January 2021)
chancery: 2630 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 797-8515
FAX: [1] (202) 797-8521
email address and website: recepcion@usadc.embacuba.cu
https://misiones.cubaminrex.cu/en/usa/embassy-cuba-usa
Reference: 2021chancery: 2630 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 797-8515
FAX: [1] (202) 797-8521
email address and website: recepcion@usadc.embacuba.cu
https://misiones.cubaminrex.cu/en/usa/embassy-cuba-usa
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Mike HAMMER (since 14 November 2024)
embassy: Calzada between L & M Streets, Vedado, Havana
mailing address: 3200 Havana Place, Washington DC 20521-3200
telephone: [53] (7) 839-4100
FAX: [53] (7) 839-4247
email address and website: acshavana@state.gov
https://cu.usembassy.gov/
Reference: 2024embassy: Calzada between L & M Streets, Vedado, Havana
mailing address: 3200 Havana Place, Washington DC 20521-3200
telephone: [53] (7) 839-4100
FAX: [53] (7) 839-4247
email address and website: acshavana@state.gov
https://cu.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
ACP, ACS, ALBA, AOSIS, CABEI, CELAC, EAEU (observer), FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal participation since 1962), OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, Petrocaribe, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Reference: 1962Independence
20 May 1902 (from US administration); 10 December 1898 (from Spain); not acknowledged by the Cuban Government as days of independence
Reference: 1902National holiday
Triumph of the Revolution (Liberation Day), 1 January (1959)
Reference: 1959Flag
description: five equal horizontal bands of blue (top, center, and bottom) alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the left side has a five-pointed white star in the center
meaning: the blue bands stand for the islands' three former departments: Central, Occidental, and Oriental; the white bands for the purity of the independence ideal; the triangle for liberty, equality, and fraternity; the red color for the blood shed in the independence struggle; the white star, called "La Estrella Solitaria" (the Lone Star), lights the way to freedom and was inspired by the state flag of Texas
note: note: design similar to the Puerto Rican flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed
meaning: the blue bands stand for the islands' three former departments: Central, Occidental, and Oriental; the white bands for the purity of the independence ideal; the triangle for liberty, equality, and fraternity; the red color for the blood shed in the independence struggle; the white star, called "La Estrella Solitaria" (the Lone Star), lights the way to freedom and was inspired by the state flag of Texas
note: note: design similar to the Puerto Rican flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed
National symbol(s)
royal palm
National color(s)
red, white, blue
National anthem(s)
title: "La Bayamesa" (The Bayamo Song)
lyrics/music: Pedro FIGUEREDO
history: adopted 1940; Pedro FIGUEREDO first performed it in 1868 during the Ten Years War against the Spanish; a leading figure in the uprising, FIGUEREDO was captured in 1870 and executed by a firing squad; just before being shot, he is said to have shouted, "Morir por la Patria es vivir" (To die for the country is to live), a line from the anthem
Reference: 1940lyrics/music: Pedro FIGUEREDO
history: adopted 1940; Pedro FIGUEREDO first performed it in 1868 during the Ten Years War against the Spanish; a leading figure in the uprising, FIGUEREDO was captured in 1870 and executed by a firing squad; just before being shot, he is said to have shouted, "Morir por la Patria es vivir" (To die for the country is to live), a line from the anthem
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites: 9 (7 cultural, 2 natural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Old Havana (c); Trinidad and the Valley de los Ingenios (c); San Pedro de la Roca Castle (c); Desembarco del Granma National Park (n); Viñales Valley (c); Archaeological Landscape of the First Coffee Plantations (c); Alejandro de Humboldt National Park (n); Historic Cienfuegos (c); Historic Camagüey (c)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Old Havana (c); Trinidad and the Valley de los Ingenios (c); San Pedro de la Roca Castle (c); Desembarco del Granma National Park (n); Viñales Valley (c); Archaeological Landscape of the First Coffee Plantations (c); Alejandro de Humboldt National Park (n); Historic Cienfuegos (c); Historic Camagüey (c)
Government & Official Links
| Institution | Official website | X / Twitter | Verification |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cuba official website | Official website | — | Reported · source Checked September 20, 2026 |
Institutional accounts only; personal accounts of political office-holders are excluded.
Legislature & Elections
Legislature
| Name | Chamber | Seats | Electoral system |
|---|---|---|---|
| National Assembly of People's Power | — | 470 | — |
Economy
Economic overview
still largely state-run planned economy, although privatization increasing under new constitution; widespread protests due to lack of basic necessities and electricity; massive foreign investment increases recently; known tobacco exporter; unique oil-for-doctors relationship with Venezuela; widespread corruption
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $81.165 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $81.985 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $83.597 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2015 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2015Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $81.985 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $83.597 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2015 dollars
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2024: $23,700 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $18,300 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $13,300 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2015 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2015Real GDP per capita 2023: $18,300 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $13,300 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2015 dollars
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 76.1% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021: 151.9% (2021 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020: 11.9% (2020 est.)
note: note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Reference: 2022, 2021, 2020Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021: 151.9% (2021 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020: 11.9% (2020 est.)
note: note: annual % change based on consumer prices
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 1.3% (2023 est.)
industry: 27.5% (2023 est.)
services: 70% (2023 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Reference: 2023industry: 27.5% (2023 est.)
services: 70% (2023 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption: 73.3% (2023 est.)
government consumption: 25.5% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 12.3% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: 10% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 43.5% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -64.6% (2023 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Reference: 2023government consumption: 25.5% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 12.3% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: 10% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 43.5% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -64.6% (2023 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
sugarcane, cassava, plantains, vegetables, mangoes/guavas, milk, tomatoes, pumpkins/squash, sweet potatoes, bananas (2023)
note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Reference: 2023note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
petroleum, nickel, cobalt, pharmaceuticals, tobacco, construction, steel, cement, agricultural machinery, sugar
Industrial production growth rate
-0.9% (2023 est.)
note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Reference: 2023note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Labor force
4.859 million (2024 est.)
note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Reference: 2024note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 3.9% (2024 est.)
male: 4.1% (2024 est.)
female: 3.5% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Reference: 2024male: 4.1% (2024 est.)
female: 3.5% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Budget
revenues: $54.52 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: $64.64 billion (2017 est.)
Reference: 2017expenditures: $64.64 billion (2017 est.)
Public debt
Public debt 2016: 42.7% of GDP (2016 est.)
Reference: 2016Exports
Exports 2020: $8.768 billion (2020 est.)
Exports 2019: $12.632 billion (2019 est.)
Exports 2018: $14.53 billion (2018 est.)
note: note: GDP expenditure basis - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2020, 2019, 2018Exports 2019: $12.632 billion (2019 est.)
Exports 2018: $14.53 billion (2018 est.)
note: note: GDP expenditure basis - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
China 34%, Spain 12%, Germany 6%, Switzerland 5%, Hong Kong 4% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
tobacco, nickel, liquor, zinc ore, precious metal ore (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2020: $8.067 billion (2020 est.)
Imports 2019: $10.971 billion (2019 est.)
Imports 2018: $12.567 billion (2018 est.)
note: note: GDP expenditure basis - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2020, 2019, 2018Imports 2019: $10.971 billion (2019 est.)
Imports 2018: $12.567 billion (2018 est.)
note: note: GDP expenditure basis - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
Spain 24%, China 13%, Netherlands 10%, USA 9%, Canada 6% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
beer, poultry, rice, plastic products, soybean oil (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Exchange rates
Currency: Cuban pesos (CUP) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024: 24 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 24 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 24 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 24 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 1 (2020 est.)
note: note: official exchange rate of 24 Cuban pesos per US dollar effective 1 January 2021
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Exchange rates 2024: 24 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 24 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 24 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 24 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 1 (2020 est.)
note: note: official exchange rate of 24 Cuban pesos per US dollar effective 1 January 2021
Trade
Exports
Exports 2020: $8.768 billion (2020 est.)
Exports 2019: $12.632 billion (2019 est.)
Exports 2018: $14.53 billion (2018 est.)
note: note: GDP expenditure basis - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2020, 2019, 2018Exports 2019: $12.632 billion (2019 est.)
Exports 2018: $14.53 billion (2018 est.)
note: note: GDP expenditure basis - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
China 34%, Spain 12%, Germany 6%, Switzerland 5%, Hong Kong 4% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
tobacco, nickel, liquor, zinc ore, precious metal ore (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2020: $8.067 billion (2020 est.)
Imports 2019: $10.971 billion (2019 est.)
Imports 2018: $12.567 billion (2018 est.)
note: note: GDP expenditure basis - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2020, 2019, 2018Imports 2019: $10.971 billion (2019 est.)
Imports 2018: $12.567 billion (2018 est.)
note: note: GDP expenditure basis - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
Spain 24%, China 13%, Netherlands 10%, USA 9%, Canada 6% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
beer, poultry, rice, plastic products, soybean oil (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Energy & Resources
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 7.264 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 11.951 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 3.352 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 11.951 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 3.352 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 95.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 0.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 2.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023solar: 1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 0.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 2.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Coal
consumption: 1,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 25 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 8,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023exports: 25 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 8,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
total petroleum production: 34,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 118,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 124 million barrels (2021 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2021refined petroleum consumption: 118,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 124 million barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas
production: 850.133 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption: 850.133 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 70.792 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2021consumption: 850.133 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 70.792 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 26.07 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Infrastructure
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 1.589 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (2023 est.)
Health
Maternal mortality ratio
35 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 13.8% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 21% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 21% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
9.54 physicians/1,000 population (2021)
Reference: 2021Hospital bed density
4.2 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Reference: 2021Obesity - adult prevalence rate
24.6% (2016)
Reference: 2016Tobacco use
total: 16.7% (2025 est.)
male: 24.7% (2025 est.)
female: 9% (2025 est.)
male: 24.7% (2025 est.)
female: 9% (2025 est.)
Education
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 14 years (2023 est.)
male: 13 years (2023 est.)
female: 15 years (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023male: 13 years (2023 est.)
female: 15 years (2023 est.)
Rights, Freedoms & Society
Press & Media Freedom
V-Dem expert-coded/modelled source measures. Knelstrom does not create a press-freedom ranking or composite score.
LGBTQ+ Rights & Law
Concrete legal-status fields only; Knelstrom does not generate an LGBTQ rights score or country ranking.
Source: Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory (CC BY-SA 4.0). Community-edited legal-status summary; retrieved by Knelstrom and not legal advice.
Crime & Justice
Legal system
civil law system based on Spanish civil code
Judicial branch
highest court(s): People's Supreme Court (consists of court president, vice president, 41 professional justices, and NA lay judges); organization includes the State Council, criminal, civil, administrative, labor, crimes against the state, and military courts)
judge selection and term of office: professional judges elected by the National Assembly are not subject to a specific term; lay judges nominated by workplace collectives and neighborhood associations and elected by municipal or provincial assemblies; lay judges appointed for 5-year terms and serve up to 30 days per year
subordinate courts: People's Provincial Courts; People's Regional Courts; People's Courts
judge selection and term of office: professional judges elected by the National Assembly are not subject to a specific term; lay judges nominated by workplace collectives and neighborhood associations and elected by municipal or provincial assemblies; lay judges appointed for 5-year terms and serve up to 30 days per year
subordinate courts: People's Provincial Courts; People's Regional Courts; People's Courts
Military & Security
Military and security forces
Revolutionary Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias, FAR): Ground Troops (Tropas Terrestres), Revolutionary Navy (Marina de Guerra Revolucionaria, MGR), Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Forces (Defensas Anti-Aereas y Fuerza Aerea Revolucionaria, DAAFAR)
Paramilitary forces under the FAR: Youth Labor Army (Ejercito Juvenil del Trabajo, EJT), Territorial Militia Troops (Milicia de Tropas de Territoriales, MTT), Defense and Production Brigades (Brigadas de Producción y Defensa, BPD), Civil Defense Organization (Defensa Civil de Cuba)
Ministry of Interior: National Revolutionary Police (Policía Nacional Revolucionaria, PNR), Directorate of Border Guard Troops (Dirección de Tropas de Guardia Fronteriza, TGF), Department of State Security (Departamento de Seguridad del Estado, DSE) (2025)
Paramilitary forces under the FAR: Youth Labor Army (Ejercito Juvenil del Trabajo, EJT), Territorial Militia Troops (Milicia de Tropas de Territoriales, MTT), Defense and Production Brigades (Brigadas de Producción y Defensa, BPD), Civil Defense Organization (Defensa Civil de Cuba)
Ministry of Interior: National Revolutionary Police (Policía Nacional Revolucionaria, PNR), Directorate of Border Guard Troops (Dirección de Tropas de Guardia Fronteriza, TGF), Department of State Security (Departamento de Seguridad del Estado, DSE) (2025)
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2020: 4.2% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military Expenditures 2019: 3.2% of GDP (2019 est.)
Military Expenditures 2018: 2.9% of GDP (2018 est.)
Military Expenditures 2017: 2.9% of GDP (2017 est.)
Military Expenditures 2016: 3.1% of GDP (2016 est.)
Reference: 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017Military Expenditures 2019: 3.2% of GDP (2019 est.)
Military Expenditures 2018: 2.9% of GDP (2018 est.)
Military Expenditures 2017: 2.9% of GDP (2017 est.)
Military Expenditures 2016: 3.1% of GDP (2016 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
limited available information; estimated 50,000 active Armed Forces (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military's inventory is comprised of Russian and Soviet-era equipment (2024)
Reference: 2024Military service age and obligation
17-28 years of age for compulsory (men) and voluntary (men and women) military service; conscripts serve for 18-24 months (2025)
Military - note
the Cuban military is largely focused on protecting territorial integrity and the state; it perceives the US as its primary threat; the military is a central pillar of the Cuban regime and viewed as the guardian of the Cuban revolution; it has a large role in the country’s politics and economy; many senior government posts are held by military officers, and the FAR reportedly has interests in agriculture, banking and finance, construction, import/export, ports, industry, real estate, retail, shipping, transportation, and tourism (2025)
International Relations
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Lianys TORRES RIVERA (since 14 January 2021)
chancery: 2630 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 797-8515
FAX: [1] (202) 797-8521
email address and website: recepcion@usadc.embacuba.cu
https://misiones.cubaminrex.cu/en/usa/embassy-cuba-usa
Reference: 2021chancery: 2630 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 797-8515
FAX: [1] (202) 797-8521
email address and website: recepcion@usadc.embacuba.cu
https://misiones.cubaminrex.cu/en/usa/embassy-cuba-usa
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Mike HAMMER (since 14 November 2024)
embassy: Calzada between L & M Streets, Vedado, Havana
mailing address: 3200 Havana Place, Washington DC 20521-3200
telephone: [53] (7) 839-4100
FAX: [53] (7) 839-4247
email address and website: acshavana@state.gov
https://cu.usembassy.gov/
Reference: 2024embassy: Calzada between L & M Streets, Vedado, Havana
mailing address: 3200 Havana Place, Washington DC 20521-3200
telephone: [53] (7) 839-4100
FAX: [53] (7) 839-4247
email address and website: acshavana@state.gov
https://cu.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
ACP, ACS, ALBA, AOSIS, CABEI, CELAC, EAEU (observer), FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal participation since 1962), OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, Petrocaribe, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Reference: 1962Treaties & Organisations
| Organisation | Status | Joined |
|---|---|---|
| United Nations (UN) | member | 1945-10-24 |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | member | — |
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
International organization participation
ACP, ACS, ALBA, AOSIS, CABEI, CELAC, EAEU (observer), FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal participation since 1962), OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, Petrocaribe, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Reference: 1962Conflict & Security
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 171 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 37,171 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024IDPs: 37,171 (2024 est.)
Trafficking in persons
tier rating: Tier 3 — Cuba does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so, therefore, Cuba remained on Tier 3; for more details, go to: https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-trafficking-in-persons-report/cuba/
Transportation & Logistics
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
CU
Airports
120 (2025)
Heliports
4 (2025)
Railways
total: 8,367 km (2017)
standard gauge: 8,195 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (124 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 172 km (2017) 1.000-m gauge
note: note: As of 2013, 70 km of standard gauge and 12 km of narrow gauge track were not for public use
Reference: 2017, 2013standard gauge: 8,195 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (124 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 172 km (2017) 1.000-m gauge
note: note: As of 2013, 70 km of standard gauge and 12 km of narrow gauge track were not for public use
Merchant marine
total: 65 (2023)
by type: general cargo 13, oil tanker 10, other 42
Reference: 2023by type: general cargo 13, oil tanker 10, other 42
Ports
total ports: 34 (2024)
large: 6
medium: 3
small: 10
very small: 6
size unknown: 9
ports with oil terminals: 14
key ports: Antilla, Bahai de la Habana, Bahia de Sagua de Tanamo, Cabanas, Casilda, Cienfuegos, Nuevitas Bay, Puerto Guantanamo, Santiago de Cuba
Reference: 2024large: 6
medium: 3
small: 10
very small: 6
size unknown: 9
ports with oil terminals: 14
key ports: Antilla, Bahai de la Habana, Bahia de Sagua de Tanamo, Cabanas, Casilda, Cienfuegos, Nuevitas Bay, Puerto Guantanamo, Santiago de Cuba
Environment
Environmental issues
soil degradation and desertification (brought on by poor farming techniques and natural disasters); biodiversity loss; deforestation; air and water pollution
International environmental agreements
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Climate
tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)
Land use
agricultural land: 61.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 28% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 6.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 27.4% (2023 est.)
forest: 34.9% (2023 est.)
other: 3.5% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 28% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 6.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 27.4% (2023 est.)
forest: 34.9% (2023 est.)
other: 3.5% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 77.5% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2020rate of urbanization: 0.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions: 19.716 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 16,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 18.12 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 1.58 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023from coal and metallurgical coke: 16,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 18.12 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 1.58 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
13.3 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019Methane emissions
energy: 23 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture: 249.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 146.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 2.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022, 2021, 2019agriculture: 249.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 146.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 2.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 2.693 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 25.7% (2022 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 25.7% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 1.7 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial: 740 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 4.519 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022industrial: 740 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 4.519 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total renewable water resources
38.12 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022Communications & Media
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 1.589 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (2023 est.)
Broadcast media
government owns and controls all broadcast media: 8 national TV channels (Cubavision, Cubavision Plus, Tele Rebelde, Multivision, Educational Channel 1 and 2, Canal Clave, Canal Habana), 2 international channels (Cubavision Internacional and Canal Caribe), multiple regional TV stations, 7 national radio networks, and multiple regional radio stations; the government uses the Radio-TV Marti signal; private ownership of electronic media is officially prohibited, with several online independent news sites tolerated but blocked if critical of the government; YouTube popular; Christian denominations create original video content to distribute via social media (2023)
Reference: 2023Internet country code
.cu
Historical Trends
Population
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Population data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 11,265,612 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 11,247,829 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 11,227,118 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 11,202,846 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 11,176,354 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 11,122,168 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 11,059,820 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 11,019,931 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 10,979,783 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 10,937,203 | world_bank_wdi |
GDP (current US$)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View GDP (current US$) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | $91,370,407,900 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | $96,850,649,700 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | $100,050,036,100 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | $103,427,600,000 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | $107,352,000,000 | world_bank_wdi |
International migrant stock (immigrants)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International migrant stock (immigrants) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 3,024 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 2,144 | world_bank_wdi |
International emigrant stock
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International emigrant stock data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 839,585 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 1995 | 917,722 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2000 | 1,032,762 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2005 | 1,093,555 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2010 | 1,337,631 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2015 | 1,519,397 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2020 | 1,721,822 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2024 | 1,879,613 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
Net migration
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Net migration data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | -24,146 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | -23,394 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | -23,779 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | -23,955 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | -11,976 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | -11,976 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | -23,149 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | -22,797 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | -22,356 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | -22,244 | world_bank_wdi |
Sources & Methodology
Current statistical observations include their reference period and provenance. Reference fields from approved source datasets are attributed below. Missing information is left unknown rather than inferred.
| Indicator | Value | Period | Source | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 10,937,203 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| UN Population Division population estimate | 10,892,659 | 2026 | UN Population Division Data Portal | Estimated |
| Wikidata population (fallback) | 10,985,974 | 2023 | Wikidata | Reported |
| International migrant stock (immigrants) | 2,144 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International migrant stock | 0.0% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International emigrant stock | 1,879,613 | 2024 | UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2024 | Estimated |
| Net migration | -22,244 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Refugees hosted | 115 | 2025 | UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics | Verified |
| Asylum seekers hosted | 40 | 2025 | UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics | Verified |
| Refugees from this country | 29,395 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Asylum seekers from this country | 288,050 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Freedom of expression & alternative information index | 0.074 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Government censorship effort — media | -2.048 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Harassment of journalists | -1.233 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Print/broadcast media critical of government | -1.726 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Range of perspectives in major media | -1.883 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media bias | -1.565 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media self-censorship | -2.340 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Same-sex sexual activity | Yes Legal since 1979; + UN decl. sign. | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Recognition of same-sex relationships | Legal since 2022 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex marriage | Legal since 2022 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex adoption | Legal since 2022 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Open military service | Yes | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law | Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Gender identity / expression law | Yes Transgender people allowed to change gender after sex change operations | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| GDP (current US$) | $107,352,000,000 | 2020 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP per capita (current US$) | $9,605 | 2020 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP growth | -1.1% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Unemployment | 1.7% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Income level | Upper middle income | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Life expectancy at birth | 78.3 years | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fertility rate | 1.4 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Urban population | 77.2% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Individuals using the Internet | 70.5% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Exports of goods and services | 42.5% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Imports of goods and services | 82.4% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Trade | 124.9% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Adult literacy rate | 97.7% | 2019 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secondary school enrolment, gross | 91.7% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Government education expenditure | 8.4% | 2022 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Access to electricity | 100.0% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Electric power consumption | 1,462 kWh/person | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Renewable energy consumption | 20.9% | 2021 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Current health expenditure | 9.4% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Infant mortality rate | 6.8 per 1,000 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Forest area | 31.2% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Mobile cellular subscriptions | 72.9 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fixed broadband subscriptions | 3.1 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secure Internet servers | 193 per million | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude | 23.1333° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Longitude | -82.3667° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude (Wikidata) | 22.0000° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Longitude (Wikidata) | -79.5000° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Time zone | America/Havana | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Form of government | unitary state | current | Wikidata | Reported |
Data attribution
Credits below are generated from sources actually used by this country profile. Source-specific terms take precedence.
- CIA World Factbook, final 2025 country profile (structured via factbook.json). Accessed September 20, 2026. U.S. Government public-domain data; retained as a reference source where a newer approved field is not available. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, International Migrant Stock 2024; data access/processing via Our World in Data. Accessed September 20, 2026. Underlying UN dataset used under CC BY 3.0 IGO. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects (WPP indicator 49) Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 3.0 IGO; current-year WPP population values are presented as estimates/projections where applicable. Source · Terms/licence
- UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics Database. Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 4.0 except where a dataset identifies a different source or licence. Source · Terms/licence
- Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), Country-Year Dataset v16 (variables: v2mebias, v2mecenefm, v2mecrit, v2meharjrn, v2merange, v2meslfcen, v2x_freexp_altinf) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0; V-Dem measures are expert-coded/modelled and no V-Dem endorsement is implied. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikidata structured data (CC0). Accessed September 20, 2026. Attribution is provided by Knelstrom for provenance although CC0 does not require it. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikipedia, “LGBTQ rights by country or territory” (source revision/data fields: Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Gender identity / expression law, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Open military service, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Recognition of same-sex relationships, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex adoption, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex marriage, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex sexual activity, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0. Knelstrom changes formatting and presents the imported material as a community-edited legal-status summary, not legal advice or a Knelstrom rights score. Source · Terms/licence
- World Bank, World Development Indicators (series: AG.LND.FRST.ZS, country_metadata, EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS, EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS, EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC, IT.CEL.SETS.P2, IT.NET.BBND.P2, IT.NET.SECR.P6, IT.NET.USER.ZS, NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS, NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS, NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS, NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG, NY.GDP.PCAP.CD, SE.ADT.LITR.ZS, SE.SEC.ENRR, SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS, SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS, SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS, SM.POP.ASYS.EO, SM.POP.NETM, SM.POP.RHCR.EO, SM.POP.TOTL, SM.POP.TOTL.ZS, SP.DYN.IMRT.IN, SP.DYN.LE00.IN, SP.DYN.TFRT.IN, SP.POP.TOTL, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS) Accessed September 20, 2026. Data used under CC BY 4.0; Knelstrom presentation/formatting may differ from the source. Source · Terms/licence
Knelstrom does not imply endorsement by any listed data provider.
Last automated statistical refresh: 2026-09-20 02:05:13