Knelstrom Intelligence · World Factbook
Spain
Reino de España
CapitalMadrid
Population49,355,143
GDP$1.91tn
Area505,990 km²
RegionEurope & Central Asia
Data sources current · last checked September 20, 2026 2:11 am
Country facts
Overview
Background
Spain's powerful world empire of the 16th and 17th centuries ultimately yielded command of the seas to England. Spain remained neutral during both World Wars but suffered through a devastating civil war (1936-39) resulting in a dictatorship. A peaceful transition to democracy after the death of dictator Francisco FRANCO in 1975 and rapid economic modernization after Spain joined the EU in 1986 gave Spain a dynamic and rapidly growing economy. After a severe recession in the wake of the global financial crisis in 2008, Spain has posted solid years of GDP growth above the EU average. Unemployment has fallen but remains high, especially among youth. Spain is the euro-zone's fourth-largest economy. The country has faced increased domestic turmoil in recent years due to the independence movement in its restive Catalonia region.
Reference: 2008, 1986, 1975, 1936Geography
Location
Southwestern Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Bay of Biscay, and Pyrenees Mountains; southwest of France
Map references
Europe
Area
total: 505,370 sq km
land: 498,980 sq km
water: 6,390 sq km
note: note: includes two autonomous cities (Ceuta and Melilla), 17 autonomous communities (including Balearic Islands and Canary Islands), and three small Spanish possessions off the coast of Morocco -- Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera
land: 498,980 sq km
water: 6,390 sq km
note: note: includes two autonomous cities (Ceuta and Melilla), 17 autonomous communities (including Balearic Islands and Canary Islands), and three small Spanish possessions off the coast of Morocco -- Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera
Area - comparative
almost five times the size of Kentucky; slightly more than twice the size of Oregon
Land boundaries
total: 1,952.7 km
border countries: Andorra 63 km; France 646 km; Gibraltar 1.2 km; Portugal 1,224 km; Morocco (Ceuta) 8 km and Morocco (Melilla) 10.5 km
note: note: an additional 75-meter border segment exists between Morocco and the Spanish exclave of Penon de Velez de la Gomera
border countries: Andorra 63 km; France 646 km; Gibraltar 1.2 km; Portugal 1,224 km; Morocco (Ceuta) 8 km and Morocco (Melilla) 10.5 km
note: note: an additional 75-meter border segment exists between Morocco and the Spanish exclave of Penon de Velez de la Gomera
Coastline
4,964 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm (applies only to the Atlantic Ocean)
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm (applies only to the Atlantic Ocean)
Climate
temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast
Terrain
large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees Mountains in north
Elevation
highest point: Pico de Teide (Tenerife) on Canary Islands 3,718 m
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
mean elevation: 660 m
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
mean elevation: 660 m
Natural resources
coal, lignite, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, uranium, tungsten, mercury, pyrites, magnesite, fluorspar, gypsum, sepiolite, kaolin, potash, hydropower, arable land
Land use
agricultural land: 49.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 23% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 10.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 19.8% (2023 est.)
forest: 38.2% (2023 est.)
other: 12.3% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 23% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 10.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 19.8% (2023 est.)
forest: 38.2% (2023 est.)
other: 12.3% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
38,012 sq km (2022)
Reference: 2022Major rivers (by length in km)
Tagus river source (shared with Portugal [m]) - 1,006 km
note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Population distribution
with the notable exception of Madrid, Sevilla, and Zaragoza, the largest urban agglomerations are found along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts; numerous smaller cities are spread throughout the interior; very dense settlement around the capital of Madrid, as well as the port city of Barcelona
Natural hazards
periodic droughts, occasional flooding
volcanism: volcanic activity in the Canary Islands, located off Africa's northwest coast; Teide (3,715 m) has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; La Palma (2,426 m) is the most active of the Canary Islands volcanoes; Lanzarote is the only other historically active volcano
volcanism: volcanic activity in the Canary Islands, located off Africa's northwest coast; Teide (3,715 m) has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; La Palma (2,426 m) is the most active of the Canary Islands volcanoes; Lanzarote is the only other historically active volcano
Geography - note
strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar; Spain controls a number of territories in northern Morocco, including the enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla and the islands of Penon de Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas, and Islas Chafarinas; Spain's Canary Islands are one of four North Atlantic archipelagos that make up Macaronesia; the others are the Azores (Portugal), Madeira (Portugal), and Cabo Verde
Population & Society
Nationality
noun: Spaniard(s)
adjective: Spanish
adjective: Spanish
Ethnic groups
Spanish 84.8%, Moroccan 1.7%, Romanian 1.2%, other 12.3% (2021 est.)
note: note: data represent population by country of birth
Reference: 2021note: note: data represent population by country of birth
Languages
Languages: Castilian Spanish (official) 74%, Catalan (official in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and the Valencian Community) 17%, Galician (official in Galicia) 7%, Basque (official in the Basque Country and Navarre) 2%, Aranese (official in part of Catalonia)
major-language sample(s): La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
note: note: Aragonese, Aranese Asturian, Calo, and Valencian are also recognized as regional languages
major-language sample(s): La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
note: note: Aragonese, Aranese Asturian, Calo, and Valencian are also recognized as regional languages
Religions
Roman Catholic 58.2%, atheist 16.2%, agnostic 10.8%, other 2.7%, non-believer 10.5%, unspecified 1.7% (2021 est.)
Reference: 2021Age structure
0-14 years: 13% (male 3,147,019/female 3,012,821)
15-64 years: 66.1% (male 15,662,492/female 15,585,138)
65 years and over: 20.9% (2024 est.) (male 4,259,816/female 5,613,147)
Reference: 202415-64 years: 66.1% (male 15,662,492/female 15,585,138)
65 years and over: 20.9% (2024 est.) (male 4,259,816/female 5,613,147)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 51.3 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 19.7 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 31.6 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 3.2 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024youth dependency ratio: 19.7 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 31.6 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 3.2 (2024 est.)
Median age
total: 46.8 years (2024 est.)
male: 45.7 years
female: 47.8 years
Reference: 2024male: 45.7 years
female: 47.8 years
Population growth rate
0.12% (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Birth rate
7.1 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Death rate
10 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Population distribution
with the notable exception of Madrid, Sevilla, and Zaragoza, the largest urban agglomerations are found along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts; numerous smaller cities are spread throughout the interior; very dense settlement around the capital of Madrid, as well as the port city of Barcelona
Major urban areas - population
6.751 million MADRID (capital), 5.687 million Barcelona, 838,000 Valencia (2023)
Reference: 2023Sex ratio
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Reference: 20240-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
31.2 years (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020Maternal mortality ratio
3 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Gross reproduction rate
0.64 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Drinking water source
improved: urban: urban: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 10.7% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 15.2% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 15.2% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
4.29 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Reference: 2022Hospital bed density
2.9 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Reference: 2021Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
23.8% (2016)
Reference: 2016Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 10.72 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 4.67 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 3.52 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.34 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019beer: 4.67 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 3.52 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.34 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use
total: 23.9% (2025 est.)
male: 25.8% (2025 est.)
female: 22% (2025 est.)
male: 25.8% (2025 est.)
female: 22% (2025 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
50.1% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 18 years (2023 est.)
male: 17 years (2023 est.)
female: 18 years (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023male: 17 years (2023 est.)
female: 18 years (2023 est.)
Migration & Displacement
Immigrant/emigrant stock measures the number of international migrants resident in, or originating from, the country; it is not the same as annual immigration/emigration flows.
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 693,298 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 3,960 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 10,164 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024IDPs: 3,960 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 10,164 (2024 est.)
Government & Politics
| Office | Holder | Affiliation | From | Status | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Head of government | Pedro Sánchez | — | 2018-06-02 | Current | Reported |
| Head of state | Felipe VI of Spain | — | 2014-06-19 | Current | Reported |
Country name
conventional long form: Kingdom of Spain
conventional short form: Spain
local long form: Reino de España
local short form: España
etymology: derivation of the name España is uncertain; the Basque words ezpain or espan ("edge," as in a river bank) are possible sources, or the Punic word span, meaning "rabbit;" some academics tie it to the god Hesperus from Greco-Roman mythology
conventional short form: Spain
local long form: Reino de España
local short form: España
etymology: derivation of the name España is uncertain; the Basque words ezpain or espan ("edge," as in a river bank) are possible sources, or the Punic word span, meaning "rabbit;" some academics tie it to the god Hesperus from Greco-Roman mythology
Capital
name: Madrid
geographic coordinates: 40 24 N, 3 41 W
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
time zone note: Spain has two time zones, including the Canary Islands (UTC 0)
etymology: the meaning and origin of the name is unclear; the city grew from a small Moorish fort that was called Majerit in the first recorded mention in A.D. 932; some trace the modern-day name back to the Roman era, with the Latin word materia (materials) as a possible source
geographic coordinates: 40 24 N, 3 41 W
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
time zone note: Spain has two time zones, including the Canary Islands (UTC 0)
etymology: the meaning and origin of the name is unclear; the city grew from a small Moorish fort that was called Majerit in the first recorded mention in A.D. 932; some trace the modern-day name back to the Roman era, with the Latin word materia (materials) as a possible source
Administrative divisions
17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad autonoma) and 2 autonomous cities* (ciudades autonomas, singular - ciudad autonoma); Andalucia; Aragon; Asturias; Canarias (Canary Islands); Cantabria; Castilla-La Mancha; Castilla-Leon; Cataluña (Castilian), Catalunya (Catalan), Catalonha (Aranese) [Catalonia]; Ceuta*; Comunidad Valenciana (Castilian), Comunitat Valenciana (Valencian) [Valencian Community]; Extremadura; Galicia; Illes Baleares (Balearic Islands); La Rioja; Madrid; Melilla*; Murcia; Navarra (Castilian), Nafarroa (Basque) [Navarre]; Pais Vasco (Castilian), Euskadi (Basque) [Basque Country]
note: note: Spain administers the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla and the three small islands of Islas Chafarinas, Peñón de Alhucemas, and Peñón de Velez de la Gomera, which are all located along the coast of Morocco; they are collectively referred to as Places of Sovereignty (Plazas de Soberania)
note: note: Spain administers the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla and the three small islands of Islas Chafarinas, Peñón de Alhucemas, and Peñón de Velez de la Gomera, which are all located along the coast of Morocco; they are collectively referred to as Places of Sovereignty (Plazas de Soberania)
Legal system
civil law system with regional variations
Constitution
history: several previous; latest approved by the General Courts 31 October 1978, passed by referendum 6 December 1978, signed by the king 27 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978
amendment process: proposed by the government, by the General Courts (the Congress or the Senate), or by the self-governing communities submitted through the government; passage requires three-fifths majority vote by both houses and passage by referendum if requested by one tenth of the members of either house; proposals disapproved by both houses are submitted to a joint committee, which submits an agreed upon text for another vote; passage requires two-thirds majority vote in Congress and simple majority vote in the Senate
Reference: 1978amendment process: proposed by the government, by the General Courts (the Congress or the Senate), or by the self-governing communities submitted through the government; passage requires three-fifths majority vote by both houses and passage by referendum if requested by one tenth of the members of either house; proposals disapproved by both houses are submitted to a joint committee, which submits an agreed upon text for another vote; passage requires two-thirds majority vote in Congress and simple majority vote in the Senate
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Spain
dual citizenship recognized: only with select Latin American countries
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years for persons with no ties to Spain
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Spain
dual citizenship recognized: only with select Latin American countries
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years for persons with no ties to Spain
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch
chief of state: King FELIPE VI (since 19 June 2014)
head of government: President of the Government of Spain (prime minister-equivalent) Pedro SANCHEZ PEREZ-CASTEJON (since 2 June 2018)
cabinet: Council of Ministers designated by the president
election/appointment process: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the monarch usually proposes as president the leader of the majority party or coalition, who is then indirectly elected by the Congress of Deputies; vice president and Council of Ministers appointed by the president
most recent election date: 23 July 2023
election results: Congress of Deputies vote - 179 to 171 (16 November 2023)
expected date of next election: 31 July 2027
note: note: there is also a Council of State that is the supreme consultative organ of the government, but its recommendations are non-binding
Reference: 2027, 2023, 2018, 2014head of government: President of the Government of Spain (prime minister-equivalent) Pedro SANCHEZ PEREZ-CASTEJON (since 2 June 2018)
cabinet: Council of Ministers designated by the president
election/appointment process: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the monarch usually proposes as president the leader of the majority party or coalition, who is then indirectly elected by the Congress of Deputies; vice president and Council of Ministers appointed by the president
most recent election date: 23 July 2023
election results: Congress of Deputies vote - 179 to 171 (16 November 2023)
expected date of next election: 31 July 2027
note: note: there is also a Council of State that is the supreme consultative organ of the government, but its recommendations are non-binding
Legislative branch
legislature name: The Cortes (Las Cortes Generales)
legislative structure: bicameral
legislative structure: bicameral
Legislative branch - lower chamber
chamber name: Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados)
number of seats: 350 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 7/23/2023
parties elected and seats per party: People's Party (PP) (136); Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) (122); Vox (33); SUMAR (31); Other (28)
percentage of women in chamber: 44.3%
expected date of next election: July 2027
Reference: 2027, 2023number of seats: 350 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 7/23/2023
parties elected and seats per party: People's Party (PP) (136); Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) (122); Vox (33); SUMAR (31); Other (28)
percentage of women in chamber: 44.3%
expected date of next election: July 2027
Legislative branch - upper chamber
chamber name: Senate (Senado)
number of seats: 265 (208 directly elected; 57 indirectly elected)
electoral system: mixed system
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 7/23/2023
parties elected and seats per party: People's Party (PP) (120); Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) (72); Other (16)
percentage of women in chamber: 42.5%
expected date of next election: July 2027
Reference: 2027, 2023number of seats: 265 (208 directly elected; 57 indirectly elected)
electoral system: mixed system
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 7/23/2023
parties elected and seats per party: People's Party (PP) (120); Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) (72); Other (16)
percentage of women in chamber: 42.5%
expected date of next election: July 2027
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo (consists of the court president and organized into the Civil Room, with a president and 9 judges; the Penal Room, with a president and 14 judges; the Administrative Room, with a president and 32 judges; the Social Room, with a president and 12 judges; and the Military Room, with a president and 7 judges); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional de Espana (consists of 12 judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates proposed by the General Council of the Judiciary Power, a 20-member governing board chaired by the monarch; judges can serve until age 70; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the National Assembly, executive branch, and the General Council of the Judiciary, and appointed by the monarch for 9-year terms
subordinate courts: National High Court; High Courts of Justice (in each of the autonomous communities); provincial courts; courts of first instance
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates proposed by the General Council of the Judiciary Power, a 20-member governing board chaired by the monarch; judges can serve until age 70; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the National Assembly, executive branch, and the General Council of the Judiciary, and appointed by the monarch for 9-year terms
subordinate courts: National High Court; High Courts of Justice (in each of the autonomous communities); provincial courts; courts of first instance
Political parties
Asturias Forum or FAC
Basque Country Unite (Euskal Herria Bildu) or EH Bildu (coalition of 4 Basque pro-independence parties)
Basque Nationalist Party or PNV or EAJ
Canarian Coalition or CC (coalition of 5 parties)
Ciudadanos Party (Citizens Party) or Cs
Compromis - Compromise Coalition
Navarrese People's Union or UPN
Together for Catalonia or Junts
People's Party or PP
Republican Left of Catalonia or ERC
Spanish Socialist Workers Party or PSOE
Teruel Existe or TE
Unidas (Unite) or Sumar (electoral coalition formed in March 2022) (formerly Unidas Podemos or UP)
Vox or VOX
Reference: 2022Basque Country Unite (Euskal Herria Bildu) or EH Bildu (coalition of 4 Basque pro-independence parties)
Basque Nationalist Party or PNV or EAJ
Canarian Coalition or CC (coalition of 5 parties)
Ciudadanos Party (Citizens Party) or Cs
Compromis - Compromise Coalition
Navarrese People's Union or UPN
Together for Catalonia or Junts
People's Party or PP
Republican Left of Catalonia or ERC
Spanish Socialist Workers Party or PSOE
Teruel Existe or TE
Unidas (Unite) or Sumar (electoral coalition formed in March 2022) (formerly Unidas Podemos or UP)
Vox or VOX
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Ángeles MORENO Bau (since 27 February 2024)
chancery: 2375 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone: [1] (202) 452-0100
FAX: [1] (202) 833-5670
email address and website: emb.washington@maec.es
https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/washington/en/Paginas/index.aspx
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)
Reference: 2024chancery: 2375 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone: [1] (202) 452-0100
FAX: [1] (202) 833-5670
email address and website: emb.washington@maec.es
https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/washington/en/Paginas/index.aspx
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Rian Harker HARRIS (since 15 July 2024); note - also accredited to Andorra
embassy: Calle de Serrano, 75, 28006 Madrid
mailing address: 8500 Madrid Place, Washington DC 20521-8500
telephone: [34] (91) 587-2200
FAX: [34] (91) 587-2303
email address and website: askACS@state.gov
https://es.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Barcelona
Reference: 2024embassy: Calle de Serrano, 75, 28006 Madrid
mailing address: 8500 Madrid Place, Washington DC 20521-8500
telephone: [34] (91) 587-2200
FAX: [34] (91) 587-2303
email address and website: askACS@state.gov
https://es.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Barcelona
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CABEI, CAN (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Independence
1492
note: note: the Iberian peninsula was home to a variety of independent kingdoms prior to the Muslim occupation that began in the early 8th century A.D. and lasted nearly seven centuries; the small Christian redoubts of the north began the reconquest almost immediately, culminating in the seizure of Granada in 1492; this completed the unification of several kingdoms and is traditionally considered the forging of present-day Spain
note: note: the Iberian peninsula was home to a variety of independent kingdoms prior to the Muslim occupation that began in the early 8th century A.D. and lasted nearly seven centuries; the small Christian redoubts of the north began the reconquest almost immediately, culminating in the seizure of Granada in 1492; this completed the unification of several kingdoms and is traditionally considered the forging of present-day Spain
National holiday
National Day (Hispanic Day), 12 October (1492)
note: note: commemorates the arrival of explorer Christopher COLUMBUS in the Americas
note: note: commemorates the arrival of explorer Christopher COLUMBUS in the Americas
Flag
description: three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double-width), and red, with the national coat of arms on the left side of the yellow band; the coat of arms shows the emblems of the area's former kingdoms (clockwise from upper left: Castile, Leon, Navarre, and Aragon), which also used red and yellow as their colors; the stylized pomegranate at the bottom of the shield represents Granada; the two columns represent the Pillars of Hercules, which are promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on the Strait of Gibraltar; a red scroll bears the imperial motto of "Plus Ultra" (further beyond), referring to Spanish lands outside Europe
National symbol(s)
Pillars of Hercules
National color(s)
red, yellow
National anthem(s)
title: "Himno Nacional Espanol" (National Anthem of Spain)
lyrics/music: no lyrics/unknown
history: adopted 1942;officially in use between 1770 and 1931, restored in 1939; the Spanish anthem was the first to be officially adopted; it first appeared in a 1761 military bugle-call book and was replaced by "Himno de Riego" in the years between 1931 and 1939; the long version of the anthem is used for the king, and the short version is used for the prince, prime minister, and occasions such as sporting events
Reference: 1942, 1939, 1931lyrics/music: no lyrics/unknown
history: adopted 1942;officially in use between 1770 and 1931, restored in 1939; the Spanish anthem was the first to be officially adopted; it first appeared in a 1761 military bugle-call book and was replaced by "Himno de Riego" in the years between 1931 and 1939; the long version of the anthem is used for the king, and the short version is used for the prince, prime minister, and occasions such as sporting events
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites: 50 (44 cultural, 4 natural, 2 mixed)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain (c); Works of Antoni Gaudí (c); Santiago de Compostela (Old Town) (c); Historic City of Toledo (c); Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida (c); Tower of Hercules (c); Doñana National Park (n); Pyrénées - Mont Perdu (m); Alhambra, Generalife, and Albayzín in Granada (c); Old City of Salamanca (c); Teide National Park (n); Historic Walled Town of Cuenca (c); Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct (c); Historic Cordoba (c); Royal Site of Saint Lorenzo de El Escorial (c); Cathedral, Alcázar, and Archivo de Indias in Seville
selected World Heritage Site locales: Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain (c); Works of Antoni Gaudí (c); Santiago de Compostela (Old Town) (c); Historic City of Toledo (c); Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida (c); Tower of Hercules (c); Doñana National Park (n); Pyrénées - Mont Perdu (m); Alhambra, Generalife, and Albayzín in Granada (c); Old City of Salamanca (c); Teide National Park (n); Historic Walled Town of Cuenca (c); Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct (c); Historic Cordoba (c); Royal Site of Saint Lorenzo de El Escorial (c); Cathedral, Alcázar, and Archivo de Indias in Seville
Government & Official Links
| Institution | Official website | X / Twitter | Verification |
|---|---|---|---|
| Spain official website | Official website | — | Reported · source Checked September 20, 2026 |
Institutional accounts only; personal accounts of political office-holders are excluded.
Legislature & Elections
Legislature
| Name | Chamber | Seats | Electoral system |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cortes Generales | — | — | — |
Economy
Economic overview
high-income, core-EU and eurozone economy; strong growth driven by public consumption, tourism, and other service exports; tight labor market despite high structural unemployment; efforts to narrow persistent fiscal deficits through tax and spending measures; high but declining unemployment supported by job growth and immigration
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $2.361 trillion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $2.289 trillion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $2.229 trillion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $2.289 trillion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $2.229 trillion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2024: $48,400 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $47,300 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $46,600 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP per capita 2023: $47,300 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $46,600 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 2.5% (2024 est.)
industry: 19.5% (2024 est.)
services: 69.1% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Reference: 2024industry: 19.5% (2024 est.)
services: 69.1% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption: 54.3% (2023 est.)
government consumption: 19.5% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 19.7% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: 1.3% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 38.1% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -34.1% (2023 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Reference: 2023government consumption: 19.5% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 19.7% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: 1.3% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 38.1% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -34.1% (2023 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
milk, olives, pork, grapes, wheat, tomatoes, barley, sugar beets, maize, oranges (2023)
note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Reference: 2023note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, tourism, clay and refractory products, footwear, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment
Industrial production growth rate
2.6% (2024 est.)
note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Reference: 2024note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Labor force
24.386 million (2024 est.)
note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Reference: 2024note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 27% (2024 est.)
male: 26.4% (2024 est.)
female: 27.7% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Reference: 2024male: 26.4% (2024 est.)
female: 27.7% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Population below poverty line
20.2% (2022 est.)
note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Reference: 2022note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022: 33.6 (2022 est.)
note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Reference: 2022note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Average household expenditures
on food: 12.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 4% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023on alcohol and tobacco: 4% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 2.3% (2022 est.)
highest 10%: 24.8% (2022 est.)
note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Reference: 2022highest 10%: 24.8% (2022 est.)
note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances
Remittances 2024: 0.4% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances 2023: 0.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 0.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Remittances 2023: 0.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 0.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget
revenues: $512.57 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures: $549.772 billion (2023 est.)
note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Reference: 2023expenditures: $549.772 billion (2023 est.)
note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Public debt
Public debt 2023: 107.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
note: note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Reference: 2023note: note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Taxes and other revenues
15% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Reference: 2023note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: $52.182 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: $43.012 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $4.482 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Current account balance 2023: $43.012 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $4.482 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2024: $642.358 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $616.648 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $573.598 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Exports 2023: $616.648 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $573.598 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
France 15%, Germany 10%, Portugal 9%, Italy 9%, UK 6% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
cars, packaged medicine, refined petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories, garments (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2024: $568.502 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $552.948 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $561.448 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Imports 2023: $552.948 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $561.448 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
Germany 11%, China 10%, France 10%, Italy 7%, USA 7% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
crude petroleum, cars, garments, vehicle parts/accessories, natural gas (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $107.774 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $103.089 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $92.905 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $103.089 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $92.905 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Exchange rates
Currency: euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024: 0.924 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 0.95 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 0.876 (2020 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Exchange rates 2024: 0.924 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 0.95 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 0.876 (2020 est.)
Trade
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: $52.182 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: $43.012 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $4.482 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Current account balance 2023: $43.012 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $4.482 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2024: $642.358 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $616.648 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $573.598 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Exports 2023: $616.648 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $573.598 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
France 15%, Germany 10%, Portugal 9%, Italy 9%, UK 6% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
cars, packaged medicine, refined petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories, garments (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2024: $568.502 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $552.948 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $561.448 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Imports 2023: $552.948 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $561.448 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
Germany 11%, China 10%, France 10%, Italy 7%, USA 7% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
crude petroleum, cars, garments, vehicle parts/accessories, natural gas (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Energy & Resources
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 130.366 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 227.187 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 25.279 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 11.315 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 24.532 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 227.187 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 25.279 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 11.315 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 24.532 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 28% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
nuclear: 20.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 17.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 23.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 8.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 2.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023nuclear: 20.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 17.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 23.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 8.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 2.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Nuclear energy
Number of operational nuclear reactors: 7 (2025)
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 7.12GW (2025 est.)
Percent of total electricity production: 20.3% (2023 est.)
Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 3 (2025)
Reference: 2025, 2023Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 7.12GW (2025 est.)
Percent of total electricity production: 20.3% (2023 est.)
Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 3 (2025)
Coal
production: 1.28 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption: 7.388 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 1.629 million metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 9.798 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 1.187 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 7.388 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 1.629 million metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 9.798 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 1.187 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
total petroleum production: 47,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 1.325 million bbl/day (2024 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 150 million barrels (2021 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2021refined petroleum consumption: 1.325 million bbl/day (2024 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 150 million barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas
production: 34.124 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption: 29.041 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 6.576 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 35.252 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 2.549 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2021consumption: 29.041 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 6.576 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 35.252 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 2.549 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 101.12 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Infrastructure
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 18.431 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 38 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 38 (2023 est.)
Health
Maternal mortality ratio
3 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 10.7% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 15.2% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 15.2% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
4.29 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Reference: 2022Hospital bed density
2.9 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Reference: 2021Obesity - adult prevalence rate
23.8% (2016)
Reference: 2016Tobacco use
total: 23.9% (2025 est.)
male: 25.8% (2025 est.)
female: 22% (2025 est.)
male: 25.8% (2025 est.)
female: 22% (2025 est.)
Education
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 18 years (2023 est.)
male: 17 years (2023 est.)
female: 18 years (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023male: 17 years (2023 est.)
female: 18 years (2023 est.)
Rights, Freedoms & Society
Press & Media Freedom
V-Dem expert-coded/modelled source measures. Knelstrom does not create a press-freedom ranking or composite score.
LGBTQ+ Rights & Law
Concrete legal-status fields only; Knelstrom does not generate an LGBTQ rights score or country ranking.
Source: Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory (CC BY-SA 4.0). Community-edited legal-status summary; retrieved by Knelstrom and not legal advice.
Crime & Justice
Legal system
civil law system with regional variations
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo (consists of the court president and organized into the Civil Room, with a president and 9 judges; the Penal Room, with a president and 14 judges; the Administrative Room, with a president and 32 judges; the Social Room, with a president and 12 judges; and the Military Room, with a president and 7 judges); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional de Espana (consists of 12 judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates proposed by the General Council of the Judiciary Power, a 20-member governing board chaired by the monarch; judges can serve until age 70; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the National Assembly, executive branch, and the General Council of the Judiciary, and appointed by the monarch for 9-year terms
subordinate courts: National High Court; High Courts of Justice (in each of the autonomous communities); provincial courts; courts of first instance
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates proposed by the General Council of the Judiciary Power, a 20-member governing board chaired by the monarch; judges can serve until age 70; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the National Assembly, executive branch, and the General Council of the Judiciary, and appointed by the monarch for 9-year terms
subordinate courts: National High Court; High Courts of Justice (in each of the autonomous communities); provincial courts; courts of first instance
Military & Security
Military and security forces
Spanish Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de España): Army (Ejército de Tierra), Spanish Navy (Armada Espanola; includes Marine Corps), Air and Space Force (Ejército del Aire y del Espacio), Emergency Response Unit (Unidad Militar de Emergencias); Civil Guard (Guardia Civil)
Ministry of the Interior: Spanish National Police (Cuerpo Nacional de Policía, CNP) (2025)
note: note 1: the Civil Guard is a military force with police duties (including coast guard) under both the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of the Interior; it also responds to the needs of the Ministry of Finance; the CNP and the Civil Guard maintain internal security as well as migration and border enforcement under the authority of the Ministry of the Interior; the regional police under the authority of the Catalan and the Basque Country regional governments and municipal police throughout the country also support domestic security
note 2: the Emergency Response Unit was established in 2006 as a separate branch of service for responding to natural disasters and providing disaster relief both domestically and abroad; it has personnel from all the other military services
note 3: the Royal Guard is an independent joint-service regiment of the military dedicated to the protection of the King and members of the royal family
Reference: 2025, 2006Ministry of the Interior: Spanish National Police (Cuerpo Nacional de Policía, CNP) (2025)
note: note 1: the Civil Guard is a military force with police duties (including coast guard) under both the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of the Interior; it also responds to the needs of the Ministry of Finance; the CNP and the Civil Guard maintain internal security as well as migration and border enforcement under the authority of the Ministry of the Interior; the regional police under the authority of the Catalan and the Basque Country regional governments and municipal police throughout the country also support domestic security
note 2: the Emergency Response Unit was established in 2006 as a separate branch of service for responding to natural disasters and providing disaster relief both domestically and abroad; it has personnel from all the other military services
note 3: the Royal Guard is an independent joint-service regiment of the military dedicated to the protection of the King and members of the royal family
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2025: 2% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024: 1.4% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 1.2% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 1% of GDP (2021 est.)
Reference: 2025, 2024, 2023, 2022Military Expenditures 2024: 1.4% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 1.2% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 1% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 120,000 active-duty military personnel; approximately 80,000 Guardia Civil (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military's inventory is comprised of weapons and equipment that were produced domestically, co-produced with or imported from other EU countries, or purchased from the US; in recent years, leading suppliers have included France, Germany, and the US; Spain's defense industry manufactures land, air, and sea weapons systems and is integrated within the European defense-industrial sector (2024)
Reference: 2024Military service age and obligation
18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; 24-36 month initial obligation; women allowed to serve in all branches, including combat units; no conscription (abolished 2001), but the Spanish Government retains the right to mobilize citizens 19-25 years of age in a national emergency; 18-58 for the voluntary reserves (2024)
note: note 1: as of 2024, women comprised about 13% of the military's full-time personnel
note 2: the military recruits foreign nationals with residency in Spain from countries of its former empire, including Argentina, Costa Rica, Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela
Reference: 2024, 2001note: note 1: as of 2024, women comprised about 13% of the military's full-time personnel
note 2: the military recruits foreign nationals with residency in Spain from countries of its former empire, including Argentina, Costa Rica, Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela
Military deployments
Spain has up to 3,000 military personnel deployed on 17 missions supporting the EU, NATO, and the UN on four continents, as well as naval missions in the Mediterranean and the seas off the Horn of Africa; its largest deployments are up to 700 troops in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and about 1,700 personnel in Eastern Europe supporting NATO missions in Latvia, Romania, and Slovakia (2025)
note:
note:
Military - note
the Spanish military has a wide range of responsibilities, including protecting the country’s national interests, sovereignty, and territory, providing support during natural disasters, and fulfilling Spain’s responsibilities to European and international security; it maintains garrisons in the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands, Ceuta, and Melilla, conducts operations worldwide, and participates in a variety of EU-, NATO-, and UN-led missions; Spain joined NATO in 1982 and is fully integrated into the NATO structure; it routinely conducts exercises with NATO (and EU) partners, and hosts one of NATO’s two combined air operations centers
the Spanish military has a rich history going back to the 13th century; the Army has an infantry regiment, formed in the 13th century, that is considered the oldest still active military unit in the Western world; the Marine Corps, which traces its roots back to 1537, is the oldest naval infantry force in the World; Spain created a Spanish Legion for foreigners in 1920, but early on the Legion was primarily filled by native Spaniards due to difficulties in recruiting foreigners, and most of its foreign members were from the Republic of Cuba; it was modeled after the French Foreign Legion and its purpose was to provide a corps of professional troops to fight in Spain's colonial campaigns in North Africa; in more recent years, it has been used in NATO peacekeeping deployments; today’s Legion includes a mix of native Spaniards and foreigners with Spanish residency (2025)
Reference: 2025, 1982, 1920the Spanish military has a rich history going back to the 13th century; the Army has an infantry regiment, formed in the 13th century, that is considered the oldest still active military unit in the Western world; the Marine Corps, which traces its roots back to 1537, is the oldest naval infantry force in the World; Spain created a Spanish Legion for foreigners in 1920, but early on the Legion was primarily filled by native Spaniards due to difficulties in recruiting foreigners, and most of its foreign members were from the Republic of Cuba; it was modeled after the French Foreign Legion and its purpose was to provide a corps of professional troops to fight in Spain's colonial campaigns in North Africa; in more recent years, it has been used in NATO peacekeeping deployments; today’s Legion includes a mix of native Spaniards and foreigners with Spanish residency (2025)
International Relations
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Ángeles MORENO Bau (since 27 February 2024)
chancery: 2375 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone: [1] (202) 452-0100
FAX: [1] (202) 833-5670
email address and website: emb.washington@maec.es
https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/washington/en/Paginas/index.aspx
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)
Reference: 2024chancery: 2375 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone: [1] (202) 452-0100
FAX: [1] (202) 833-5670
email address and website: emb.washington@maec.es
https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/washington/en/Paginas/index.aspx
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Rian Harker HARRIS (since 15 July 2024); note - also accredited to Andorra
embassy: Calle de Serrano, 75, 28006 Madrid
mailing address: 8500 Madrid Place, Washington DC 20521-8500
telephone: [34] (91) 587-2200
FAX: [34] (91) 587-2303
email address and website: askACS@state.gov
https://es.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Barcelona
Reference: 2024embassy: Calle de Serrano, 75, 28006 Madrid
mailing address: 8500 Madrid Place, Washington DC 20521-8500
telephone: [34] (91) 587-2200
FAX: [34] (91) 587-2303
email address and website: askACS@state.gov
https://es.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Barcelona
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CABEI, CAN (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Treaties & Organisations
| Organisation | Status | Joined |
|---|---|---|
| Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) | member | 1973-06-25 |
| European Union (EU) | member | 1986-01-01 |
| NATO (NATO) | member | 1982-05-30 |
| OECD (OECD) | member | — |
| United Nations (UN) | member | 1955-12-14 |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | member | 1995-01-01 |
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CABEI, CAN (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Conflict & Security
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 693,298 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 3,960 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 10,164 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024IDPs: 3,960 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 10,164 (2024 est.)
Terrorist group(s)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); al-Qa’ida
note: note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
note: note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
Transportation & Logistics
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
EC
Airports
365 (2025)
Heliports
162 (2025)
Railways
total: 15,489 km (2020) 9,953 km electrified
Reference: 2020Merchant marine
total: 503 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 1, general cargo 33, oil tanker 24, other 445
Reference: 2023by type: bulk carrier 1, general cargo 33, oil tanker 24, other 445
Ports
total ports: 52 (2024)
large: 3
medium: 14
small: 9
very small: 24
size unknown: 2
ports with oil terminals: 13
key ports: Alicante, Barcelona, Cadiz, Ceuta, Ferrol, Huelva, Las Palmas, Malaga, Palma de Mallorca, Puerto de Bilbao, Puerto de Pasajes, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santander, Sevilla, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo
Reference: 2024large: 3
medium: 14
small: 9
very small: 24
size unknown: 2
ports with oil terminals: 13
key ports: Alicante, Barcelona, Cadiz, Ceuta, Ferrol, Huelva, Las Palmas, Malaga, Palma de Mallorca, Puerto de Bilbao, Puerto de Pasajes, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santander, Sevilla, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo
Environment
Environmental issues
pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and effluents from oil and gas production; drought; air pollution; deforestation; desertification
International environmental agreements
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Reference: 2006signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Climate
temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast
Land use
agricultural land: 49.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 23% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 10.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 19.8% (2023 est.)
forest: 38.2% (2023 est.)
other: 12.3% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 23% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 10.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 19.8% (2023 est.)
forest: 38.2% (2023 est.)
other: 12.3% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 81.6% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.24% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
note: note: data include Canary Islands, Ceuta, and Melilla
Reference: 2023, 2020rate of urbanization: 0.24% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
note: note: data include Canary Islands, Ceuta, and Melilla
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions: 254.823 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 13.39 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 182.327 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 59.105 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023from coal and metallurgical coke: 13.39 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 182.327 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 59.105 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
8.3 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 22.409 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 27.7% (2022 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 27.7% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 4.56 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial: 5.5 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 18.96 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022industrial: 5.5 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 18.96 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total renewable water resources
111.5 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022Geoparks
total global geoparks and regional networks: 18 (2025)
global geoparks and regional networks: Basque Coast UNESCO; Cabo de Gata-Níjar; Cabo Ortegal; Calatrava Volcanoes. Ciudad Real; Central Catalonia; Costa Quebrada; Courel Mountains; El Hierro; Granada; Lanzarote and Chinijo Islands; Las Loras; Maestrazgo; Molina-Alto; Origens; Sierra Norte de Sevilla; Sierras Subbéticas; Sobrarbe-Pirineos: Villuercas Ibores Jara (2025)
global geoparks and regional networks: Basque Coast UNESCO; Cabo de Gata-Níjar; Cabo Ortegal; Calatrava Volcanoes. Ciudad Real; Central Catalonia; Costa Quebrada; Courel Mountains; El Hierro; Granada; Lanzarote and Chinijo Islands; Las Loras; Maestrazgo; Molina-Alto; Origens; Sierra Norte de Sevilla; Sierras Subbéticas; Sobrarbe-Pirineos: Villuercas Ibores Jara (2025)
Communications & Media
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 18.431 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 38 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 38 (2023 est.)
Broadcast media
mix of publicly operated and privately owned TV and radio stations; hundreds of TV channels available, including national, regional, local, public, and international channels; satellite and cable TV available; multiple national radio networks, large number of regional radio networks, and larger number of local radio stations (2019)
Reference: 2019Internet country code
.es
Historical Trends
Population
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Population data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 46,458,139 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 46,571,232 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 46,782,011 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 47,118,501 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 47,359,424 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 47,443,821 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 47,786,102 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 48,352,528 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 48,848,840 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 49,355,143 | world_bank_wdi |
GDP (current US$)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View GDP (current US$) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | $1,243,015,667,917 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | $1,321,754,088,819 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | $1,431,642,809,327 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | $1,403,496,387,686 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | $1,289,783,836,971 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | $1,461,244,901,853 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | $1,448,850,658,407 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | $1,619,481,980,720 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | $1,725,671,652,742 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | $1,906,453,309,986 | world_bank_wdi |
International migrant stock (immigrants)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International migrant stock (immigrants) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 7,146,130 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 8,870,527 | world_bank_wdi |
International emigrant stock
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International emigrant stock data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 1,374,696 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 1995 | 1,238,438 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2000 | 1,177,275 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2005 | 1,126,330 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2010 | 1,138,608 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2015 | 1,307,006 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2020 | 1,471,585 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2024 | 1,623,550 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
Net migration
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Net migration data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 106,474 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 201,135 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 337,467 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 464,783 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 236,854 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 144,385 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 299,779 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 119,099 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 111,674 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 96,630 | world_bank_wdi |
Sources & Methodology
Current statistical observations include their reference period and provenance. Reference fields from approved source datasets are attributed below. Missing information is left unknown rather than inferred.
| Indicator | Value | Period | Source | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 49,355,143 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| UN Population Division population estimate | 47,850,793 | 2026 | UN Population Division Data Portal | Estimated |
| Wikidata population (fallback) | 48,592,909 | 2024 | Wikidata | Reported |
| International migrant stock (immigrants) | 8,870,527 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International migrant stock | 18.5% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International emigrant stock | 1,623,550 | 2024 | UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2024 | Estimated |
| Net migration | 96,630 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Refugees from this country | 186 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Asylum seekers from this country | 713 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Freedom of expression & alternative information index | 0.843 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Government censorship effort — media | 1.166 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Harassment of journalists | 1.757 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Print/broadcast media critical of government | 1.916 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Range of perspectives in major media | 0.966 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media bias | 0.826 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media self-censorship | 0.900 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Same-sex sexual activity | Yes Legal since 9 November 1979; + UN decl. sign. | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Recognition of same-sex relationships | Yes De facto unions legal since 2003 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex marriage | Yes Legal since 2005 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex adoption | Yes Legal since 2005 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Open military service | Yes Spain responsible for defence | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law | Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Gender identity / expression law | Yes Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| GDP (current US$) | $1,906,453,309,986 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP per capita (current US$) | $38,627 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP growth | 2.8% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Inflation, consumer prices | 2.7% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Unemployment | 10.4% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Income level | High income | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Life expectancy at birth | 83.9 years | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fertility rate | 1.1 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Urban population | 80.5% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Individuals using the Internet | 95.8% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Exports of goods and services | 36.6% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Imports of goods and services | 32.8% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Trade | 69.5% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Adult literacy rate | 99.7% | 2021 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secondary school enrolment, gross | 118.5% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Government education expenditure | 4.6% | 2022 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Access to electricity | 100.0% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Electric power consumption | 5,196 kWh/person | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Renewable energy consumption | 19.0% | 2021 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Current health expenditure | 9.2% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Infant mortality rate | 2.6 per 1,000 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Forest area | 37.2% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Mobile cellular subscriptions | 130.3 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fixed broadband subscriptions | 39.2 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secure Internet servers | 29,986 per million | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude | 40.4167° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Longitude | -3.7033° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude (Wikidata) | 40.2000° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Longitude (Wikidata) | -3.5000° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00, UTC+02:00, UTC±00:00, Europe/Madrid | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Form of government | parliamentary monarchy | current | Wikidata | Reported |
Data attribution
Credits below are generated from sources actually used by this country profile. Source-specific terms take precedence.
- CIA World Factbook, final 2025 country profile (structured via factbook.json). Accessed September 20, 2026. U.S. Government public-domain data; retained as a reference source where a newer approved field is not available. Source · Terms/licence
- Source: Eurostat (dataset/datacode: demo_pjan) Accessed September 19, 2026. Knelstrom presentation/formatting may differ from the source. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, International Migrant Stock 2024; data access/processing via Our World in Data. Accessed September 20, 2026. Underlying UN dataset used under CC BY 3.0 IGO. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects (WPP indicator 49) Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 3.0 IGO; current-year WPP population values are presented as estimates/projections where applicable. Source · Terms/licence
- Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), Country-Year Dataset v16 (variables: v2mebias, v2mecenefm, v2mecrit, v2meharjrn, v2merange, v2meslfcen, v2x_freexp_altinf) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0; V-Dem measures are expert-coded/modelled and no V-Dem endorsement is implied. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikidata structured data (CC0). Accessed September 20, 2026. Attribution is provided by Knelstrom for provenance although CC0 does not require it. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikipedia, “LGBTQ rights by country or territory” (source revision/data fields: Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Gender identity / expression law, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Open military service, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Recognition of same-sex relationships, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex adoption, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex marriage, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex sexual activity, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0. Knelstrom changes formatting and presents the imported material as a community-edited legal-status summary, not legal advice or a Knelstrom rights score. Source · Terms/licence
- World Bank, World Development Indicators (series: AG.LND.FRST.ZS, country_metadata, EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS, EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS, EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC, FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG, IT.CEL.SETS.P2, IT.NET.BBND.P2, IT.NET.SECR.P6, IT.NET.USER.ZS, NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS, NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS, NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS, NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG, NY.GDP.PCAP.CD, SE.ADT.LITR.ZS, SE.SEC.ENRR, SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS, SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS, SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS, SM.POP.ASYS.EO, SM.POP.NETM, SM.POP.RHCR.EO, SM.POP.TOTL, SM.POP.TOTL.ZS, SP.DYN.IMRT.IN, SP.DYN.LE00.IN, SP.DYN.TFRT.IN, SP.POP.TOTL, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS) Accessed September 20, 2026. Data used under CC BY 4.0; Knelstrom presentation/formatting may differ from the source. Source · Terms/licence
Knelstrom does not imply endorsement by any listed data provider.
Last automated statistical refresh: 2026-09-20 02:10:32