Knelstrom Intelligence · World Factbook
Slovakia
Slovenská republika
CapitalBratislava
Population5,413,813
GDP$154.5bn
Area49,034 km²
RegionEurope & Central Asia
Data sources current · last checked September 20, 2026 2:11 am
Country facts
Overview
Background
Slovakia traces its roots to the 9th century state of Great Moravia. The Slovaks then became part of the Hungarian Kingdom, where they remained for the next 1,000 years. After the formation of the dual Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1867, language and education policies favoring the use of Hungarian (known as "Magyarization") led to a public backlash that boosted Slovak nationalism and strengthened Slovak cultural ties with the closely related Czechs, who fell administratively under the Austrian half of the empire. When the Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolved at the end of World War I, the Slovaks joined the Czechs to form Czechoslovakia. During the interwar period, Slovak nationalist leaders pushed for autonomy within Czechoslovakia, and in 1939, in the wake of Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland, the newly established Slovak Republic became a German client state for the remainder of World War II.
After World War II, Czechoslovakia was reconstituted and came under communist rule within Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe. In 1968, Warsaw Pact troops invaded and ended the efforts of Czechoslovakia's leaders to liberalize communist rule and create "socialism with a human face," ushering in a period of repression known as "normalization." The peaceful Velvet Revolution swept the Communist Party from power at the end of 1989 and inaugurated a return to democratic rule and a market economy. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia underwent a nonviolent "velvet divorce" into its two national components, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Slovakia joined both NATO and the EU in 2004 and the euro zone in 2009.
Reference: 2009, 2004, 1993, 1989After World War II, Czechoslovakia was reconstituted and came under communist rule within Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe. In 1968, Warsaw Pact troops invaded and ended the efforts of Czechoslovakia's leaders to liberalize communist rule and create "socialism with a human face," ushering in a period of repression known as "normalization." The peaceful Velvet Revolution swept the Communist Party from power at the end of 1989 and inaugurated a return to democratic rule and a market economy. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia underwent a nonviolent "velvet divorce" into its two national components, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Slovakia joined both NATO and the EU in 2004 and the euro zone in 2009.
Geography
Location
Central Europe, south of Poland
Map references
Europe
Area
total: 49,035 sq km
land: 48,105 sq km
water: 930 sq km
land: 48,105 sq km
water: 930 sq km
Area - comparative
about 1.5 times the size of Maryland; about twice the size of New Hampshire
Land boundaries
total: 1,587 km
border countries: Austria 105 km; Czechia 241 km; Hungary 627 km; Poland 517 km; Ukraine 97 km
border countries: Austria 105 km; Czechia 241 km; Hungary 627 km; Poland 517 km; Ukraine 97 km
Coastline
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims
none (landlocked)
Climate
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Terrain
rugged mountains in the central and northern part and lowlands in the south
Elevation
highest point: Gerlachovsky Stit 2,655 m
lowest point: Bodrok River 94 m
mean elevation: 458 m
lowest point: Bodrok River 94 m
mean elevation: 458 m
Natural resources
lignite, small amounts of iron ore, copper and manganese ore; salt; arable land
Land use
agricultural land: 38% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 27.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 10.4% (2023 est.)
forest: 40.3% (2023 est.)
other: 21.4% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 27.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 10.4% (2023 est.)
forest: 40.3% (2023 est.)
other: 21.4% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
259 sq km (2022)
Reference: 2022Major rivers (by length in km)
Dunaj (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)
Population distribution
a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country; slightly larger concentration in the west in proximity to the Czech border
Natural hazards
flooding
Geography - note
landlocked; most of the country is rugged and mountainous; the Tatra Mountains in the north are interspersed with many scenic lakes and valleys
Population & Society
Nationality
noun: Slovak(s)
adjective: Slovak
adjective: Slovak
Ethnic groups
Slovak 83.8%, Hungarian 7.8%, Romani 1.2%, other 1.8% (includes Czech, Ruthenian, Ukrainian, Russian, German, Polish), unspecified 5.4% (2021 est.)
note: note: data represent population by nationality; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 7–11% of Slovakia's population
Reference: 2021note: note: data represent population by nationality; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 7–11% of Slovakia's population
Languages
Languages: Slovak (official) 81.8%, Hungarian 8.5%, Roma 1.8%, other 2.2%, unspecified 5.7% (2021 est.)
major-language sample(s): Svetova Kniha Faktov, nenahraditelny zdroj zakladnej informacie. (Slovak)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Reference: 2021major-language sample(s): Svetova Kniha Faktov, nenahraditelny zdroj zakladnej informacie. (Slovak)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Roman Catholic 55.8%, Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession 5.3%, Greek Catholic 4%, Reformed Christian 1.6%, other 3%, none 23.8%, unspecified 6.5% (2021 est.)
Reference: 2021Age structure
0-14 years: 15.3% (male 444,033/female 408,902)
15-64 years: 66.5% (male 1,834,359/female 1,867,158)
65 years and over: 18.1% (2024 est.) (male 406,355/female 602,842)
Reference: 202415-64 years: 66.5% (male 1,834,359/female 1,867,158)
65 years and over: 18.1% (2024 est.) (male 406,355/female 602,842)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 50.3 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 23 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 27.3 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 3.7 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024youth dependency ratio: 23 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 27.3 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 3.7 (2024 est.)
Median age
total: 42.8 years (2024 est.)
male: 41.3 years
female: 44.4 years
Reference: 2024male: 41.3 years
female: 44.4 years
Population growth rate
-0.08% (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Birth rate
10 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Death rate
11.2 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Population distribution
a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country; slightly larger concentration in the west in proximity to the Czech border
Major urban areas - population
441,000 BRATISLAVA (capital) (2023)
Reference: 2023Sex ratio
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Reference: 20240-14 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
27.2 years (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020Maternal mortality ratio
4 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Gross reproduction rate
0.77 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Drinking water source
improved: urban: urban: 99.6% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 99.8% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0.4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0.2% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 99.8% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0.4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0.2% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 7.8% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 14.6% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 14.6% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
3.7 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Reference: 2022Hospital bed density
5.7 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: urban: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
20.5% (2016)
Reference: 2016Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 10.3 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 4.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 2.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 4.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019beer: 4.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 2.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 4.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use
total: 30.3% (2025 est.)
male: 34.5% (2025 est.)
female: 26.3% (2025 est.)
male: 34.5% (2025 est.)
female: 26.3% (2025 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
47.9% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 15 years (2023 est.)
male: 15 years (2023 est.)
female: 16 years (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023male: 15 years (2023 est.)
female: 16 years (2023 est.)
Migration & Displacement
Immigrant/emigrant stock measures the number of international migrants resident in, or originating from, the country; it is not the same as annual immigration/emigration flows.
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 144,349 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 65 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024stateless persons: 65 (2024 est.)
Government & Politics
| Office | Holder | Affiliation | From | Status | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Head of state | Peter Pellegrini | — | 2024-06-15 | Current | Reported |
| Head of government | Robert Fico | — | 2023-10-25 | Current | Reported |
Country name
conventional long form: Slovak Republic
conventional short form: Slovakia
local long form: Slovenska republika
local short form: Slovensko
etymology: the country takes its name from the local Slav ethnic group; the origin of the group's name is unclear, although early forms were used in Medieval Latin (Sclavus) and Byzantine Greek (Sklabos)
conventional short form: Slovakia
local long form: Slovenska republika
local short form: Slovensko
etymology: the country takes its name from the local Slav ethnic group; the origin of the group's name is unclear, although early forms were used in Medieval Latin (Sclavus) and Byzantine Greek (Sklabos)
Capital
name: Bratislava
geographic coordinates: 48 09 N, 17 07 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: the meaning is unclear but has medieval Slavic origins; the name was adopted in 1919 after Czechoslovakia gained its independence, replacing the name Prešporok
Reference: 1919geographic coordinates: 48 09 N, 17 07 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: the meaning is unclear but has medieval Slavic origins; the name was adopted in 1919 after Czechoslovakia gained its independence, replacing the name Prešporok
Administrative divisions
8 regions (kraje, singular - kraj); Banska Bystrica, Bratislava, Kosice, Nitra, Presov, Trencin, Trnava, Zilina
Legal system
civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes
Constitution
history: several previous (pre-independence); latest passed by the National Council 1 September 1992, signed 3 September 1992, effective 1 October 1992
amendment process: proposed by the National Council; passage requires at least three-fifths majority vote of Council members
Reference: 1992amendment process: proposed by the National Council; passage requires at least three-fifths majority vote of Council members
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Slovakia
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Slovakia
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch
chief of state: President Peter PELLEGRINI (since 15 June 2024)
head of government: Prime Minister Robert FICO (since 25 October 2023)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); following National Council elections, the president designates a prime minister candidate, usually the leader of the party or coalition that wins the most votes, who must win a vote of confidence in the National Council
most recent election date: 23 March 2024, with a runoff on 6 April 2024
election results: 2024: Peter PELLEGRINI elected president in the second round; percent of vote in second round Peter PELLEGRINI 53.1%; Ivan KORCOK 46.9%; percent of vote in first round - Ivan KORCOK (independent) 42.5%; Peter PELLEGRINI (Hlas-SD) 37%; Stefan HARABIN (independent) 11.7%, other 8.8%;
2019: Zuzana CAPUTOVA elected president in second round; percent of vote - Zuzana CAPUTOVA (PS) 58.4%, Maros SEFCOVIC (independent) 41.6%
expected date of next election: 2029
Reference: 2029, 2024, 2023, 2019head of government: Prime Minister Robert FICO (since 25 October 2023)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); following National Council elections, the president designates a prime minister candidate, usually the leader of the party or coalition that wins the most votes, who must win a vote of confidence in the National Council
most recent election date: 23 March 2024, with a runoff on 6 April 2024
election results: 2024: Peter PELLEGRINI elected president in the second round; percent of vote in second round Peter PELLEGRINI 53.1%; Ivan KORCOK 46.9%; percent of vote in first round - Ivan KORCOK (independent) 42.5%; Peter PELLEGRINI (Hlas-SD) 37%; Stefan HARABIN (independent) 11.7%, other 8.8%;
2019: Zuzana CAPUTOVA elected president in second round; percent of vote - Zuzana CAPUTOVA (PS) 58.4%, Maros SEFCOVIC (independent) 41.6%
expected date of next election: 2029
Legislative branch
legislature name: National Council (Narodna rada Slovenskej republiky)
legislative structure: unicameral
chamber name: National Council (Národná rada)
number of seats: 150 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 9/30/2023
parties elected and seats per party: Smer - Social Democracy (Smer-SD) (42); Progressive Slovakia (PS) (32); Hlas (“Voice”) - SD (27); Coalition OĽaNO and Friends, 'For the People' and 'Christian Union' (16); Christian Democratic Movement (KDH) (12); Freedom and Solidarity (SaS) (11); Slovak National Party (SNS) (10)
percentage of women in chamber: 23.3%
expected date of next election: September 2027
Reference: 2027, 2023legislative structure: unicameral
chamber name: National Council (Národná rada)
number of seats: 150 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 9/30/2023
parties elected and seats per party: Smer - Social Democracy (Smer-SD) (42); Progressive Slovakia (PS) (32); Hlas (“Voice”) - SD (27); Coalition OĽaNO and Friends, 'For the People' and 'Christian Union' (16); Christian Democratic Movement (KDH) (12); Freedom and Solidarity (SaS) (11); Slovak National Party (SNS) (10)
percentage of women in chamber: 23.3%
expected date of next election: September 2027
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court of the Slovak Republic (consists of the court president, vice president, and approximately 80 judges organized into criminal, civil, commercial, and administrative divisions with 3- and 5-judge panels); Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic (consists of 13 judges organized into 3-judge panels)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judge candidates nominated by the Judicial Council of the Slovak Republic, an 18-member self-governing body that includes the Supreme Court chief justice and presidential, governmental, parliamentary, and judiciary appointees; judges appointed by the president serve for life, subject to removal by the president at age 65; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the National Council of the Republic and appointed by the president; judges serve 12-year terms
subordinate courts: regional and district civil courts; Special Criminal Court; Higher Military Court; military district courts; Court of Audit
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judge candidates nominated by the Judicial Council of the Slovak Republic, an 18-member self-governing body that includes the Supreme Court chief justice and presidential, governmental, parliamentary, and judiciary appointees; judges appointed by the president serve for life, subject to removal by the president at age 65; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the National Council of the Republic and appointed by the president; judges serve 12-year terms
subordinate courts: regional and district civil courts; Special Criminal Court; Higher Military Court; military district courts; Court of Audit
Political parties
Direction - Social Democracy or SMER-SD
Freedom and Solidarity or SaS
Progressive Slovakia or PS
Republic
Slovakia
The Slovak National Party or SNS
The Christian Democratic Movement or KDH
Voice - Social Democracy or HLAS-SD
Freedom and Solidarity or SaS
Progressive Slovakia or PS
Republic
Slovakia
The Slovak National Party or SNS
The Christian Democratic Movement or KDH
Voice - Social Democracy or HLAS-SD
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Radovan JAVORČÍK (since 18 January 2021)
chancery: 3523 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 237-1054
FAX: [1] (202) 237-6438
email address and website: emb.washington@mzv.sk
https://www.mzv.sk/web/washington-en
consulate(s) general: New York
Reference: 2021chancery: 3523 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 237-1054
FAX: [1] (202) 237-6438
email address and website: emb.washington@mzv.sk
https://www.mzv.sk/web/washington-en
consulate(s) general: New York
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Gautam A. RANA (since 28 September 2022)
embassy: P.O. Box 309, 814 99 Bratislava
mailing address: 5840 Bratislava Place, Washington DC 20521-5840
telephone: [421] (2) 5443-3338
FAX: [421] (2) 5441-8861
email address and website: consulbratislava@state.gov
https://sk.usembassy.gov/
Reference: 2022embassy: P.O. Box 309, 814 99 Bratislava
mailing address: 5840 Bratislava Place, Washington DC 20521-5840
telephone: [421] (2) 5443-3338
FAX: [421] (2) 5441-8861
email address and website: consulbratislava@state.gov
https://sk.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Independence
1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia)
Reference: 1993National holiday
Constitution Day, 1 September (1992)
Reference: 1992Flag
description: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red; the national coat of arms (a red shield bordered in white, with a white double-barred cross of St. Cyril and St. Methodius on top of three blue hills) is centered over the bands but offset to the left
meaning: white, blue, and red are the pan-Slav colors
note: note: the pan-Slav colors were inspired by Russia's flag
meaning: white, blue, and red are the pan-Slav colors
note: note: the pan-Slav colors were inspired by Russia's flag
National symbol(s)
double-barred cross (Cross of St. Cyril and St. Methodius) over three peaks
National color(s)
white, blue, red
National anthem(s)
title: "Nad Tatrou sa blyska" (Storm Over the Tatras)
lyrics/music: Janko MATUSKA/traditional
history: adopted 1993; music based on an 1843 Slovak folk song "Kopala studienku" (She Was Digging a Well)
Reference: 1993lyrics/music: Janko MATUSKA/traditional
history: adopted 1993; music based on an 1843 Slovak folk song "Kopala studienku" (She Was Digging a Well)
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites: 8 (6 cultural, 2 natural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Historic Town of Banská Štiavnica (c); Levoča, Spišský Hrad, and the Associated Cultural Monuments (c); Vlkolínec (c); Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst (n); Bardejov Town (c); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians (n); Wooden Churches of the Slovak Carpathians (c); Frontiers of the Roman Empire - The Danube Limes (Western Segment) (c)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Historic Town of Banská Štiavnica (c); Levoča, Spišský Hrad, and the Associated Cultural Monuments (c); Vlkolínec (c); Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst (n); Bardejov Town (c); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians (n); Wooden Churches of the Slovak Carpathians (c); Frontiers of the Roman Empire - The Danube Limes (Western Segment) (c)
Government & Official Links
No official institutional links have yet been verified for this country.
Legislature & Elections
Legislature
| Name | Chamber | Seats | Electoral system |
|---|---|---|---|
| National Council of the Slovak Republic | — | 150 | — |
Economy
Economic overview
high-income EU and eurozone economy; manufacturing and exports led by automotive sector; growth supported by private consumption and public investment from EU funds, tempered by trade risks; increased taxes and withdrawal of energy subsidies contributing to rising but manageable inflation; strong labor demand and influx of foreign labor offsets aging workforce
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $218.762 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $214.343 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $209.794 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $214.343 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $209.794 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2024: $40,300 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $39,500 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $38,600 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP per capita 2023: $39,500 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $38,600 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 2% (2024 est.)
industry: 28.5% (2024 est.)
services: 60% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Reference: 2024industry: 28.5% (2024 est.)
services: 60% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption: 58.4% (2023 est.)
government consumption: 20% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 21.1% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: -1.3% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 91.3% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -89.8% (2023 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Reference: 2023government consumption: 20% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 21.1% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: -1.3% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 91.3% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -89.8% (2023 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
wheat, sugar beets, maize, milk, barley, rapeseed, sunflower seeds, potatoes, soybeans, pork (2023)
note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Reference: 2023note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
automobiles; metal and metal products; electricity, gas, coke, oil, nuclear fuel; chemicals, synthetic fibers, wood and paper products; machinery; earthenware and ceramics; textiles; electrical and optical apparatus; rubber products; food and beverages; pharmaceutical
Industrial production growth rate
0.3% (2024 est.)
note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Reference: 2024note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Labor force
2.779 million (2024 est.)
note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Reference: 2024note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 18.2% (2024 est.)
male: 20.1% (2024 est.)
female: 15% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Reference: 2024male: 20.1% (2024 est.)
female: 15% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Population below poverty line
13.7% (2021 est.)
note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Reference: 2021note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022: 24.1 (2022 est.)
note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Reference: 2022note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Average household expenditures
on food: 19.4% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 4.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023on alcohol and tobacco: 4.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 2.8% (2022 est.)
highest 10%: 18.2% (2022 est.)
note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Reference: 2022highest 10%: 18.2% (2022 est.)
note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances
Remittances 2024: 1.9% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances 2023: 2% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 2% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Remittances 2023: 2% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 2% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget
revenues: $43.882 billion (2022 est.)
expenditures: $46.056 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Reference: 2022expenditures: $46.056 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Public debt
Public debt 2022: 64.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Reference: 2022note: note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Taxes and other revenues
19.4% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Reference: 2022note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: -$3.895 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$1.169 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$11.126 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Current account balance 2023: -$1.169 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$11.126 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2024: $120.355 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $122.04 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $114.519 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Exports 2023: $122.04 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $114.519 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
Germany 20%, Czechia 10%, Hungary 7%, USA 6%, Poland 6% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
cars, vehicle parts/accessories, video displays, broadcasting equipment, refined petroleum (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2024: $120.29 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $119.739 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $121.473 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Imports 2023: $119.739 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $121.473 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
Germany 16%, Czechia 14%, Poland 8%, China 7%, Hungary 6% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
vehicle parts/accessories, broadcasting equipment, cars, plastic products, insulated wire (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $14.452 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $11.288 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $10.28 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $11.288 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $10.28 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Exchange rates
Currency: euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024: 0.924 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 0.95 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 0.876 (2020 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Exchange rates 2024: 0.924 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 0.95 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 0.876 (2020 est.)
Trade
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: -$3.895 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$1.169 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$11.126 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Current account balance 2023: -$1.169 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$11.126 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2024: $120.355 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $122.04 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $114.519 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Exports 2023: $122.04 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $114.519 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
Germany 20%, Czechia 10%, Hungary 7%, USA 6%, Poland 6% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
cars, vehicle parts/accessories, video displays, broadcasting equipment, refined petroleum (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2024: $120.29 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $119.739 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $121.473 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Imports 2023: $119.739 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $121.473 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
Germany 16%, Czechia 14%, Poland 8%, China 7%, Hungary 6% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
vehicle parts/accessories, broadcasting equipment, cars, plastic products, insulated wire (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Energy & Resources
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 8.138 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 24.18 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 14.078 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 10.671 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 1.233 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 24.18 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 14.078 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 10.671 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 1.233 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 14.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
nuclear: 63.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 2.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 13.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 5.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023nuclear: 63.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 2.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 13.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 5.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Nuclear energy
Number of operational nuclear reactors: 5 (2025)
Number of nuclear reactors under construction: 1 (2025)
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 2.3GW (2025 est.)
Percent of total electricity production: 61.3% (2023 est.)
Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 3 (2025)
Reference: 2025, 2023Number of nuclear reactors under construction: 1 (2025)
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 2.3GW (2025 est.)
Percent of total electricity production: 61.3% (2023 est.)
Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 3 (2025)
Coal
production: 2.315 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption: 6.066 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 13,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 3.658 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 19 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 6.066 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 13,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 3.658 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 19 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
total petroleum production: 7,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 90,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 9 million barrels (2021 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2021refined petroleum consumption: 90,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 9 million barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas
production: 46.585 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption: 4.277 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 4.56 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 14.158 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2021consumption: 4.277 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 4.56 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 14.158 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 127.582 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Infrastructure
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 505,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9 (2023 est.)
Health
Maternal mortality ratio
4 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 7.8% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 14.6% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 14.6% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
3.7 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Reference: 2022Hospital bed density
5.7 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020Obesity - adult prevalence rate
20.5% (2016)
Reference: 2016Tobacco use
total: 30.3% (2025 est.)
male: 34.5% (2025 est.)
female: 26.3% (2025 est.)
male: 34.5% (2025 est.)
female: 26.3% (2025 est.)
Education
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 15 years (2023 est.)
male: 15 years (2023 est.)
female: 16 years (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023male: 15 years (2023 est.)
female: 16 years (2023 est.)
Rights, Freedoms & Society
Press & Media Freedom
V-Dem expert-coded/modelled source measures. Knelstrom does not create a press-freedom ranking or composite score.
LGBTQ+ Rights & Law
Concrete legal-status fields only; Knelstrom does not generate an LGBTQ rights score or country ranking.
Source: Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory (CC BY-SA 4.0). Community-edited legal-status summary; retrieved by Knelstrom and not legal advice.
Crime & Justice
Legal system
civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court of the Slovak Republic (consists of the court president, vice president, and approximately 80 judges organized into criminal, civil, commercial, and administrative divisions with 3- and 5-judge panels); Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic (consists of 13 judges organized into 3-judge panels)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judge candidates nominated by the Judicial Council of the Slovak Republic, an 18-member self-governing body that includes the Supreme Court chief justice and presidential, governmental, parliamentary, and judiciary appointees; judges appointed by the president serve for life, subject to removal by the president at age 65; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the National Council of the Republic and appointed by the president; judges serve 12-year terms
subordinate courts: regional and district civil courts; Special Criminal Court; Higher Military Court; military district courts; Court of Audit
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judge candidates nominated by the Judicial Council of the Slovak Republic, an 18-member self-governing body that includes the Supreme Court chief justice and presidential, governmental, parliamentary, and judiciary appointees; judges appointed by the president serve for life, subject to removal by the president at age 65; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the National Council of the Republic and appointed by the president; judges serve 12-year terms
subordinate courts: regional and district civil courts; Special Criminal Court; Higher Military Court; military district courts; Court of Audit
Military & Security
Military and security forces
Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic (Ozbrojene Sily Slovenskej Republiky): Ground Forces (Slovenské Pozemné Sily), Air Forces (Slovenské Vzdušné Sily), Special Operations Forces (Sily Pre Speciálne Operácie)
Ministry of Interior: Slovak Police Force (SPF or Policajný Zbor) (2025)
note: note: the SPF has sole responsibility for internal and border security
Ministry of Interior: Slovak Police Force (SPF or Policajný Zbor) (2025)
note: note: the SPF has sole responsibility for internal and border security
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2025: 2% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024: 2% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 1.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 1.7% of GDP (2021 est.)
Reference: 2025, 2024, 2023, 2022Military Expenditures 2024: 2% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 1.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 1.7% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 17,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military's inventory consists mostly of Soviet-era platforms; in recent years it has imported limited quantities of more modern, NATO-compatible equipment, particularly from Italy and the US (2024)
Reference: 2024Military service age and obligation
18-30 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription in peacetime suspended in 2004 (2023)
note: note: as of 2021, women made up nearly 13% of the military's full-time personnel
Reference: 2023, 2021, 2004note: note: as of 2021, women made up nearly 13% of the military's full-time personnel
Military deployments
240 Cyprus (UNFICYP); up to 150 Latvia (NATO) (2024)
Reference: 2024Military - note
the Slovak military is responsible for external defense and fulfilling Slovakia’s commitments to European and international security; Slovakia has been a member of both the EU and NATO since 2004; a key focus of the Slovak military is fulfilling the country’s security responsibilities to NATO, including modernizing and acquiring NATO-compatible equipment, participating in training exercises, and providing forces for security missions such as NATO’s Enhanced Forward Presence in the Baltic States; since 2022, Slovakia has hosted a multinational NATO ground force battlegroup as part of the NATO effort to boost the defenses of Eastern Europe since the Russian invasion of Ukraine; Slovakia also contributes to EU and UN peacekeeping missions
the Slovak Air Force has only a handful of fighter aircraft and is assisted by NATO’s air policing mission over Slovakia, which includes fighter aircraft from Czechia and Poland; in 2022, Slovakia signed a defense agreement with the US that allows the US to use two Slovak military air bases (2025)
Reference: 2025, 2022, 2004the Slovak Air Force has only a handful of fighter aircraft and is assisted by NATO’s air policing mission over Slovakia, which includes fighter aircraft from Czechia and Poland; in 2022, Slovakia signed a defense agreement with the US that allows the US to use two Slovak military air bases (2025)
International Relations
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Radovan JAVORČÍK (since 18 January 2021)
chancery: 3523 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 237-1054
FAX: [1] (202) 237-6438
email address and website: emb.washington@mzv.sk
https://www.mzv.sk/web/washington-en
consulate(s) general: New York
Reference: 2021chancery: 3523 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 237-1054
FAX: [1] (202) 237-6438
email address and website: emb.washington@mzv.sk
https://www.mzv.sk/web/washington-en
consulate(s) general: New York
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Gautam A. RANA (since 28 September 2022)
embassy: P.O. Box 309, 814 99 Bratislava
mailing address: 5840 Bratislava Place, Washington DC 20521-5840
telephone: [421] (2) 5443-3338
FAX: [421] (2) 5441-8861
email address and website: consulbratislava@state.gov
https://sk.usembassy.gov/
Reference: 2022embassy: P.O. Box 309, 814 99 Bratislava
mailing address: 5840 Bratislava Place, Washington DC 20521-5840
telephone: [421] (2) 5443-3338
FAX: [421] (2) 5441-8861
email address and website: consulbratislava@state.gov
https://sk.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Treaties & Organisations
| Organisation | Status | Joined |
|---|---|---|
| Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) | member | 1993-01-01 |
| European Union (EU) | member | 2004-05-01 |
| NATO (NATO) | member | 2004-03-29 |
| OECD (OECD) | member | — |
| United Nations (UN) | member | 1993-01-19 |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | member | 1995-01-01 |
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
International organization participation
Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Conflict & Security
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 144,349 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 65 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024stateless persons: 65 (2024 est.)
Transportation & Logistics
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
OM
Airports
116 (2025)
Heliports
2 (2025)
Railways
total: 3,627 km (2020) 1,585 km electrified
Reference: 2020Environment
Environmental issues
air pollution and acid rain; land erosion from agricultural and mining practices; water pollution
International environmental agreements
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protection
Reference: 2006signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protection
Climate
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Land use
agricultural land: 38% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 27.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 10.4% (2023 est.)
forest: 40.3% (2023 est.)
other: 21.4% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 27.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 10.4% (2023 est.)
forest: 40.3% (2023 est.)
other: 21.4% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 54% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.17% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2020rate of urbanization: 0.17% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions: 30.087 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 9.607 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 12.112 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 8.368 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023from coal and metallurgical coke: 9.607 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 12.112 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 8.368 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
16.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 2.296 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 13.2% (2022 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 13.2% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 306.21 million cubic meters (2022)
industrial: 224.562 million cubic meters (2022)
agricultural: 32.851 million cubic meters (2022)
Reference: 2022industrial: 224.562 million cubic meters (2022)
agricultural: 32.851 million cubic meters (2022)
Total renewable water resources
50.1 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022Geoparks
total global geoparks and regional networks: 1
global geoparks and regional networks: Novohrad-Nógrád (includes Hungary) (2023)
Reference: 2023global geoparks and regional networks: Novohrad-Nógrád (includes Hungary) (2023)
Communications & Media
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 505,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9 (2023 est.)
Broadcast media
state-owned public broadcaster, Radio and Television of Slovakia (RTVS), has 2 national TV stations; roughly 50 privately owned national, regional, and local TV stations; about 40% of households connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV; multiple RTVS national and regional radio networks; 32 privately owned radio stations
Internet country code
.sk
Historical Trends
Population
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Population data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 5,430,798 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 5,439,232 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 5,446,771 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 5,454,147 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 5,458,827 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 5,447,247 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 5,431,752 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 5,426,740 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 5,422,069 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 5,413,813 | world_bank_wdi |
GDP (current US$)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View GDP (current US$) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | $90,347,173,229 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | $95,978,130,735 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | $106,611,673,365 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | $105,843,498,304 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | $107,732,602,896 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | $120,511,265,913 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | $115,792,972,358 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | $133,578,518,424 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | $140,934,076,532 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | $154,530,066,507 | world_bank_wdi |
International migrant stock (immigrants)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International migrant stock (immigrants) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 197,161 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 323,991 | world_bank_wdi |
International emigrant stock
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International emigrant stock data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 322,859 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 1995 | 335,476 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2000 | 352,303 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2005 | 370,695 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2010 | 399,133 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2015 | 400,856 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2020 | 394,449 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2024 | 389,909 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
Net migration
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Net migration data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 3,487 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 3,279 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 3,446 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 3,128 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 4,350 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | -8,172 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 92,314 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 4,933 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | -21,027 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | -31,377 | world_bank_wdi |
Sources & Methodology
Current statistical observations include their reference period and provenance. Reference fields from approved source datasets are attributed below. Missing information is left unknown rather than inferred.
| Indicator | Value | Period | Source | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 5,413,813 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| UN Population Division population estimate | 5,451,342 | 2026 | UN Population Division Data Portal | Estimated |
| Wikidata population (fallback) | 5,409,407 | 2025 | Wikidata | Reported |
| International migrant stock (immigrants) | 323,991 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International migrant stock | 5.9% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International emigrant stock | 389,909 | 2024 | UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2024 | Estimated |
| Net migration | -31,377 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Refugees hosted | 650 | 2012 | UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics | Verified |
| Asylum seekers hosted | 194 | 2012 | UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics | Verified |
| Refugees from this country | 625 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Asylum seekers from this country | 91 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Freedom of expression & alternative information index | 0.765 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Government censorship effort — media | 0.881 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Harassment of journalists | 0.715 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Print/broadcast media critical of government | 1.000 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Range of perspectives in major media | 2.149 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media bias | 0.271 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media self-censorship | 1.588 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Same-sex sexual activity | Yes Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia); equal age of consent since 1990; + UN decl. sign. | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Recognition of same-sex relationships | No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex marriage | No Constitutional ban since 2014 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex adoption | No By law adoption for LGBT individuals and couples is prohibited since 2025 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Open military service | Yes | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law | Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Gender identity / expression law | No By law legal gender change not recognised since 2025 by a constitutional amendment, de facto since 2022. | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| GDP (current US$) | $154,530,066,507 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP per capita (current US$) | $28,544 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP growth | 0.8% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Inflation, consumer prices | 4.0% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Unemployment | 5.4% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Income level | High income | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Life expectancy at birth | 78.4 years | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fertility rate | 1.5 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Urban population | 53.2% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Individuals using the Internet | 89.8% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Exports of goods and services | 85.1% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Imports of goods and services | 85.2% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Trade | 170.3% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secondary school enrolment, gross | 93.2% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Government education expenditure | 4.7% | 2022 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Access to electricity | 100.0% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Electric power consumption | 4,675 kWh/person | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Renewable energy consumption | 17.9% | 2021 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Current health expenditure | 7.4% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Infant mortality rate | 5.3 per 1,000 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Forest area | 40.1% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Mobile cellular subscriptions | 140.0 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fixed broadband subscriptions | 33.8 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secure Internet servers | 43,287 per million | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude | 48.1484° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Longitude | 17.1073° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude (Wikidata) | 48.7000° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Longitude (Wikidata) | 19.7000° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00, UTC+02:00 | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Form of government | parliamentary republic | current | Wikidata | Reported |
Data attribution
Credits below are generated from sources actually used by this country profile. Source-specific terms take precedence.
- CIA World Factbook, final 2025 country profile (structured via factbook.json). Accessed September 20, 2026. U.S. Government public-domain data; retained as a reference source where a newer approved field is not available. Source · Terms/licence
- Source: Eurostat (dataset/datacode: demo_pjan) Accessed September 19, 2026. Knelstrom presentation/formatting may differ from the source. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, International Migrant Stock 2024; data access/processing via Our World in Data. Accessed September 20, 2026. Underlying UN dataset used under CC BY 3.0 IGO. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects (WPP indicator 49) Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 3.0 IGO; current-year WPP population values are presented as estimates/projections where applicable. Source · Terms/licence
- UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics Database. Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 4.0 except where a dataset identifies a different source or licence. Source · Terms/licence
- Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), Country-Year Dataset v16 (variables: v2mebias, v2mecenefm, v2mecrit, v2meharjrn, v2merange, v2meslfcen, v2x_freexp_altinf) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0; V-Dem measures are expert-coded/modelled and no V-Dem endorsement is implied. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikidata structured data (CC0). Accessed September 20, 2026. Attribution is provided by Knelstrom for provenance although CC0 does not require it. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikipedia, “LGBTQ rights by country or territory” (source revision/data fields: Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Gender identity / expression law, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Open military service, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Recognition of same-sex relationships, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex adoption, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex marriage, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex sexual activity, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0. Knelstrom changes formatting and presents the imported material as a community-edited legal-status summary, not legal advice or a Knelstrom rights score. Source · Terms/licence
- World Bank, World Development Indicators (series: AG.LND.FRST.ZS, country_metadata, EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS, EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS, EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC, FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG, IT.CEL.SETS.P2, IT.NET.BBND.P2, IT.NET.SECR.P6, IT.NET.USER.ZS, NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS, NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS, NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS, NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG, NY.GDP.PCAP.CD, SE.SEC.ENRR, SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS, SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS, SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS, SM.POP.ASYS.EO, SM.POP.NETM, SM.POP.RHCR.EO, SM.POP.TOTL, SM.POP.TOTL.ZS, SP.DYN.IMRT.IN, SP.DYN.LE00.IN, SP.DYN.TFRT.IN, SP.POP.TOTL, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS) Accessed September 20, 2026. Data used under CC BY 4.0; Knelstrom presentation/formatting may differ from the source. Source · Terms/licence
Knelstrom does not imply endorsement by any listed data provider.
Last automated statistical refresh: 2026-09-20 02:10:32