Knelstrom Intelligence · World Factbook
Russia
Российская Федерация
CapitalMoscow
Population143,513,328
GDP$2.56tn
Area17,075,400 km²
RegionEurope & Central Asia
Data sources current · last checked September 20, 2026 2:10 am
Country facts
Overview
Background
Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy emerged from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and gradually conquered and absorbed surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Devastating defeats and food shortages in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow of the ROMANOV Dynasty in 1917. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist control and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal US adversary during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin's rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism. His initiatives inadvertently released political and economic forces that by December 1991 led to the dissolution of the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent states. In response to the ensuing turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth.
In 2014, Russia purported to annex Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula and occupied large portions of two eastern Ukrainian oblasts. In sporadic fighting over the next eight years, more than 14,000 civilians were killed or wounded as a result of the Russian invasion in eastern Ukraine. On 24 February 2022, Russia escalated its conflict with Ukraine by invading the country on several fronts in what has become the largest conventional military attack on a sovereign state in Europe since World War II. The invasion received near-universal international condemnation, and many countries imposed sanctions on Russia and supplied humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. In September 2022, Russia unilaterally declared its annexation of four Ukrainian oblasts -- Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia -- even though none were fully under Russian control. The annexations remain unrecognized by the international community.
Reference: 2022, 2014, 2012, 2008The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist control and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal US adversary during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin's rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism. His initiatives inadvertently released political and economic forces that by December 1991 led to the dissolution of the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent states. In response to the ensuing turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth.
In 2014, Russia purported to annex Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula and occupied large portions of two eastern Ukrainian oblasts. In sporadic fighting over the next eight years, more than 14,000 civilians were killed or wounded as a result of the Russian invasion in eastern Ukraine. On 24 February 2022, Russia escalated its conflict with Ukraine by invading the country on several fronts in what has become the largest conventional military attack on a sovereign state in Europe since World War II. The invasion received near-universal international condemnation, and many countries imposed sanctions on Russia and supplied humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. In September 2022, Russia unilaterally declared its annexation of four Ukrainian oblasts -- Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia -- even though none were fully under Russian control. The annexations remain unrecognized by the international community.
Geography
Location
North Asia bordering the Arctic Ocean, extending from Eastern Europe (the portion west of the Urals) to the North Pacific Ocean
Map references
Asia
Area
total: 17,098,242 sq km
land: 16,377,742 sq km
water: 720,500 sq km
land: 16,377,742 sq km
water: 720,500 sq km
Area - comparative
approximately 1.8 times the size of the US
Land boundaries
total: 22,407 km
border countries: Azerbaijan 338 km; Belarus 1,312 km; China (southeast) 4,133 km and China (south) 46 km; Estonia 324 km; Finland 1,309 km; Georgia 894 km; Kazakhstan 7,644 km; North Korea 18 km; Latvia 332 km; Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 261 km; Mongolia 3,452 km; Norway 191 km; Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 209 km; Ukraine 1,944 km
border countries: Azerbaijan 338 km; Belarus 1,312 km; China (southeast) 4,133 km and China (south) 46 km; Estonia 324 km; Finland 1,309 km; Georgia 894 km; Kazakhstan 7,644 km; North Korea 18 km; Latvia 332 km; Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 261 km; Mongolia 3,452 km; Norway 191 km; Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 209 km; Ukraine 1,944 km
Coastline
37,653 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate
ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
Terrain
broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions
Elevation
highest point: Gora El'brus (highest point in Europe) 5,642 m
lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
mean elevation: 600 m
lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
mean elevation: 600 m
Natural resources
wide natural-resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, bauxite, reserves of rare earth elements, timber
note: note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources
note: note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources
Land use
agricultural land: 13.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 7.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 5.6% (2023 est.)
forest: 50.7% (2023 est.)
other: 35.9% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 7.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 5.6% (2023 est.)
forest: 50.7% (2023 est.)
other: 35.9% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
43,000 sq km (2012)
Reference: 2012Major lakes (area sq km)
fresh water lake(s): Lake Baikal - 31,500 sq km; Lake Ladoga - 18,130 sq km; Lake Onega - 9,720 sq km; Lake Khanka (shared with China) - 5,010 sq km; Lake Peipus - 4,300 sq km (shared with Estonia); Ozero Vygozero - 1,250 sq km; Ozero Beloye - 1,120 sq km
salt water lake(s): Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan) - 374,000 sq km; Ozero Malyye Chany - 2,500 sq km; Curonian Lagoon (shared with Lithuania) - 1,620 sq km
note - the Caspian Sea is the World's largest lake
salt water lake(s): Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan) - 374,000 sq km; Ozero Malyye Chany - 2,500 sq km; Curonian Lagoon (shared with Lithuania) - 1,620 sq km
note - the Caspian Sea is the World's largest lake
Major rivers (by length in km)
Yenisey-Angara - 5,539 km; Ob-Irtysh - 5,410 km; Amur river mouth (shared with China [s] and Mongolia) - 4,444 km; Lena - 4,400 km; Volga - 3,645 km; Kolyma - 2,513 km; Ural river source (shared with Kazakhstan [m]) - 2,428 km; Dnepr (Dnieper) river source (shared with Belarus and Ukraine [m]) - 2,287 km; Don - 1,870 km; Pechora - 1,809 km
note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Arctic Ocean drainage: Kolyma (679,934 sq km), Lena (2,306,743 sq km), Ob (2,972,493 sq km), Pechora (289,532 sq km), Yenisei (2,554,388 sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: (Caspian Sea basin) Volga (1,410,951 sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: (Caspian Sea basin) Volga (1,410,951 sq km)
Major aquifers
Angara-Lena Basin, Pechora Basin, North Caucasus Basin, East European Aquifer System, West Siberian Basin, Tunguss Basin, Yakut Basin
Population distribution
population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country, extending from the Baltic Sea south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable population pockets are isolated and generally found in the south
Natural hazards
permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires in Siberia and parts of European Russia
volcanism: Kamchatka Peninsula is home to 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (4,835 m) is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky; see note 2 under "Geography - note"
volcanism: Kamchatka Peninsula is home to 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (4,835 m) is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky; see note 2 under "Geography - note"
Geography - note
note 1: largest country in the world in terms of area; despite its size, much of the country lacks the soil and climate (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture
note 2: Russia's far east, particularly the Kamchatka Peninsula, lies along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes and up to 90% of the world's earthquakes
note 3: Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak; Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world, is estimated to hold one fifth of the world's fresh surface water
note 4: Kaliningrad oblast is an exclave annexed from Germany after World War II; its capital city of Kaliningrad -- formerly Koenigsberg -- is the only Baltic port in Russia that remains ice-free in the winter
note 2: Russia's far east, particularly the Kamchatka Peninsula, lies along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes and up to 90% of the world's earthquakes
note 3: Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak; Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world, is estimated to hold one fifth of the world's fresh surface water
note 4: Kaliningrad oblast is an exclave annexed from Germany after World War II; its capital city of Kaliningrad -- formerly Koenigsberg -- is the only Baltic port in Russia that remains ice-free in the winter
Population & Society
Nationality
noun: Russian(s)
adjective: Russian
adjective: Russian
Ethnic groups
Russian 77.7%, Tatar 3.7%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9% (2010 est.)
note: note: nearly 200 national and/or ethnic groups are represented in Russia's 2010 census
Reference: 2010note: note: nearly 200 national and/or ethnic groups are represented in Russia's 2010 census
Languages
Languages: Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1% (2010 est.)
major-language sample(s): Книга фактов о мире – незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
note: note: data represent native language spoken
Reference: 2010major-language sample(s): Книга фактов о мире – незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
note: note: data represent native language spoken
Religions
Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.)
note: note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of official atheism under Soviet rule; Russia officially recognizes Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as the country's traditional religions
Reference: 2006note: note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of official atheism under Soviet rule; Russia officially recognizes Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as the country's traditional religions
Age structure
0-14 years: 16.5% (male 11,956,284/female 11,313,829)
15-64 years: 65.7% (male 45,007,073/female 47,518,221)
65 years and over: 17.8% (2024 est.) (male 8,533,448/female 16,491,955)
Reference: 202415-64 years: 65.7% (male 45,007,073/female 47,518,221)
65 years and over: 17.8% (2024 est.) (male 8,533,448/female 16,491,955)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 52.2 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 25.2 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 27 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 3.7 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024youth dependency ratio: 25.2 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 27 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 3.7 (2024 est.)
Median age
total: 41.9 years (2024 est.)
male: 39.4 years
female: 44.5 years
Reference: 2024male: 39.4 years
female: 44.5 years
Population growth rate
-0.49% (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Birth rate
8.4 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Death rate
14 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Population distribution
population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country, extending from the Baltic Sea south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable population pockets are isolated and generally found in the south
Major urban areas - population
12.680 million MOSCOW (capital), 5.561 million Saint Petersburg, 1.695 million Novosibirsk, 1.528 million Yekaterinburg, 1.292 million Kazan, 1.251 million Nizhniy Novgorod (2023)
Reference: 2023Sex ratio
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.52 male(s)/female
total population: 0.87 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Reference: 20240-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.52 male(s)/female
total population: 0.87 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
25.2 years (2013 est.)
Reference: 2013Maternal mortality ratio
9 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Gross reproduction rate
0.74 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Drinking water source
improved: urban: urban: 98.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 91.5% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 97.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 1.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 8.5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 2.9% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 91.5% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 97.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 1.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 8.5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 2.9% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 7.4% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 13.8% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 13.8% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
5.11 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Reference: 2022Hospital bed density
7 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Reference: 2021Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: urban: 95.4% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 71.4% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 89.4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 4.6% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 28.6% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 10.6% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 71.4% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 89.4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 4.6% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 28.6% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 10.6% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
23.1% (2016)
Reference: 2016Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 7.29 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 3.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.97 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 3.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.12 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019beer: 3.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.97 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 3.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.12 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use
total: 26.5% (2025 est.)
male: 40.2% (2025 est.)
female: 15.1% (2025 est.)
male: 40.2% (2025 est.)
female: 15.1% (2025 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
53.1% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Child marriage
women married by age 15: 0.3% (2017)
women married by age 18: 6.2% (2017)
Reference: 2017women married by age 18: 6.2% (2017)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 15 years (2023 est.)
male: 15 years (2023 est.)
female: 15 years (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023male: 15 years (2023 est.)
female: 15 years (2023 est.)
Migration & Displacement
Immigrant/emigrant stock measures the number of international migrants resident in, or originating from, the country; it is not the same as annual immigration/emigration flows.
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 11,440 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 172,783 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 90,185 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024IDPs: 172,783 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 90,185 (2024 est.)
Government & Politics
| Office | Holder | Affiliation | From | Status | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Head of government | Mikhail Mishustin | — | 2020-01-16 | Current | Reported |
| Head of state | Vladimir Putin | — | 2012-05-07 | Current | Reported |
Country name
conventional long form: Russian Federation
conventional short form: Russia
local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
local short form: Rossiya
former: Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
etymology: Russian lands were referred to as Muscovy until PETER I declared the Empire of All Russias in 1721; the new name aimed at identifying the new Russia with European political tradition; "Rus" was the Old Finnish name given to Varangians (eastern Vikings) who entered the area in the 9th century
conventional short form: Russia
local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
local short form: Rossiya
former: Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
etymology: Russian lands were referred to as Muscovy until PETER I declared the Empire of All Russias in 1721; the new name aimed at identifying the new Russia with European political tradition; "Rus" was the Old Finnish name given to Varangians (eastern Vikings) who entered the area in the 9th century
Capital
name: Moscow
geographic coordinates: 55 45 N, 37 36 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: does not observe daylight savings time (DST)
time zone note: Russia has 11 time zones, the largest number of contiguous time zones of any country in the world; in 2014, two time zones were added and DST dropped
etymology: named after the Moskva River; the origin of the river's name is unclear
Reference: 2014geographic coordinates: 55 45 N, 37 36 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: does not observe daylight savings time (DST)
time zone note: Russia has 11 time zones, the largest number of contiguous time zones of any country in the world; in 2014, two time zones were added and DST dropped
etymology: named after the Moskva River; the origin of the river's name is unclear
Administrative divisions
46 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast), 21 republics (respubliki, singular - respublika), 4 autonomous districts (avtonomnyye okrugi, singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 9 federal subjects (kraya, singular - kray), 2 federal cities (goroda, singular - gorod), and 1 autonomous province (avtonomnaya oblast')
oblasts: Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan, Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad (Gatchina), Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Orel, Penza, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan, Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver, Tyumen, Ulyanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl
republics: Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas), Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista), Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk), Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordoviya (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk), Tatarstan (Kazan), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)
autonomous districts: Chukotka (Anadyr'), Khanty-Mansi-Yugra (Khanty-Mansiysk), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard)
federal subjects: Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol, Zabaykalsk [Transbaikal] (Chita)
federal cities: Moscow [Moskva], Saint Petersburg [Sankt-Peterburg]
autonomous province: Yevreyskaya [Jewish] (Birobidzhan)
note: note 1: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers; exceptions show the administrative center name in parentheses
note 2: the United States does not recognize Russia's annexation or renaming of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality of Sevastopol; it similarly does not recognize the annexation of the Ukrainian oblasts Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson
oblasts: Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan, Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad (Gatchina), Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Orel, Penza, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan, Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver, Tyumen, Ulyanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl
republics: Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas), Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista), Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk), Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordoviya (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk), Tatarstan (Kazan), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)
autonomous districts: Chukotka (Anadyr'), Khanty-Mansi-Yugra (Khanty-Mansiysk), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard)
federal subjects: Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol, Zabaykalsk [Transbaikal] (Chita)
federal cities: Moscow [Moskva], Saint Petersburg [Sankt-Peterburg]
autonomous province: Yevreyskaya [Jewish] (Birobidzhan)
note: note 1: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers; exceptions show the administrative center name in parentheses
note 2: the United States does not recognize Russia's annexation or renaming of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality of Sevastopol; it similarly does not recognize the annexation of the Ukrainian oblasts Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson
Legal system
civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
Constitution
history: several previous (during Russian Empire and Soviet era); latest drafted 12 July 1993, adopted by referendum 12 December 1993, effective 25 December 1993
amendment process: proposed by the president of the Russian Federation, by either house of the Federal Assembly, by the government of the Russian Federation, or by legislative (representative) bodies of the Federation's constituent entities; proposals to amend the government’s constitutional system, human and civil rights and freedoms, and procedures for amending or drafting a new constitution require formation of a Constitutional Assembly; passage of such amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of its total membership; passage in a referendum requires participation of an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of valid votes; approval of proposed amendments to the government structure, authorities, and procedures requires approval by the legislative bodies of at least two thirds of the Russian Federation's constituent entities
Reference: 1993amendment process: proposed by the president of the Russian Federation, by either house of the Federal Assembly, by the government of the Russian Federation, or by legislative (representative) bodies of the Federation's constituent entities; proposals to amend the government’s constitutional system, human and civil rights and freedoms, and procedures for amending or drafting a new constitution require formation of a Constitutional Assembly; passage of such amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of its total membership; passage in a referendum requires participation of an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of valid votes; approval of proposed amendments to the government structure, authorities, and procedures requires approval by the legislative bodies of at least two thirds of the Russian Federation's constituent entities
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Russia
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 3-5 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Russia
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 3-5 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch
chief of state: President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (since 7 May 2012)
head of government: Premier Mikhail Vladimirovich MISHUSTIN (since 16 January 2020)
cabinet: the government is composed of the premier, his deputies, and ministers, all appointed by the president; the premier is also confirmed by the Duma
election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 6-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term)
most recent election date: 15-17 March 2024
election results: 2024: Vladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 88.5%, Nikolay KHARITONOV (Communist Party) 4.4%, Vladislav DAVANKOV (New People party) 3.9%, Leonid SLUTSKY (Liberal Democrats) 3.2%
2018: Vladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 77.5%, Pavel GRUDININ (CPRF) 11.9%, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY (LDPR) 5.7%, other 4.9%; Mikhail MISHUSTIN (independent) approved as premier by Duma; vote - 383 to 0
expected date of next election: 2030
note: note: a Presidential Administration provides staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president
Reference: 2030, 2024, 2020, 2018head of government: Premier Mikhail Vladimirovich MISHUSTIN (since 16 January 2020)
cabinet: the government is composed of the premier, his deputies, and ministers, all appointed by the president; the premier is also confirmed by the Duma
election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 6-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term)
most recent election date: 15-17 March 2024
election results: 2024: Vladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 88.5%, Nikolay KHARITONOV (Communist Party) 4.4%, Vladislav DAVANKOV (New People party) 3.9%, Leonid SLUTSKY (Liberal Democrats) 3.2%
2018: Vladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 77.5%, Pavel GRUDININ (CPRF) 11.9%, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY (LDPR) 5.7%, other 4.9%; Mikhail MISHUSTIN (independent) approved as premier by Duma; vote - 383 to 0
expected date of next election: 2030
note: note: a Presidential Administration provides staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president
Legislative branch
legislature name: Federal Assembly (Federalnoye Sobraniye)
legislative structure: bicameral
note: note 1: the State Duma now includes 3 representatives from the "Republic of Crimea," while the Federation Council includes 2 each from the "Republic of Crimea" and the "Federal City of Sevastopol," both regions that Russia occupied and attempted to annex from Ukraine and that the US does not recognize as part of Russia
legislative structure: bicameral
note: note 1: the State Duma now includes 3 representatives from the "Republic of Crimea," while the Federation Council includes 2 each from the "Republic of Crimea" and the "Federal City of Sevastopol," both regions that Russia occupied and attempted to annex from Ukraine and that the US does not recognize as part of Russia
Legislative branch - lower chamber
chamber name: State Duma (Gossoudarstvennaya Duma)
number of seats: 450 (all directly elected)
electoral system: mixed system
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 9/19/2021
parties elected and seats per party: United Russia (326); Communist Party (KPRF) (57); A Just Russia (28); Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR) (23); Other (16)
percentage of women in chamber: 16.4%
expected date of next election: September 2026
Reference: 2026, 2021number of seats: 450 (all directly elected)
electoral system: mixed system
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 9/19/2021
parties elected and seats per party: United Russia (326); Communist Party (KPRF) (57); A Just Russia (28); Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR) (23); Other (16)
percentage of women in chamber: 16.4%
expected date of next election: September 2026
Legislative branch - upper chamber
chamber name: Council of the Federation (Soviet Federatsii)
number of seats: 170 (all appointed)
percentage of women in chamber: 18.5%
number of seats: 170 (all appointed)
percentage of women in chamber: 18.5%
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (consists of 170 members organized into the Judicial Panel for Civil Affairs, the Judicial Panel for Criminal Affairs, and the Military Panel); Constitutional Court (consists of 11 members, including the chairperson and deputy)
judge selection and term of office: all members of Russia's 3 highest courts nominated by the president and appointed by the Federation Council (the upper house of the legislature); members of all 3 courts appointed for life
subordinate courts: regional (kray) and provincial (oblast) courts; Moscow and St. Petersburg city courts; autonomous province and district courts (the 21 Russian republics have court systems specified by their own constitutions)
judge selection and term of office: all members of Russia's 3 highest courts nominated by the president and appointed by the Federation Council (the upper house of the legislature); members of all 3 courts appointed for life
subordinate courts: regional (kray) and provincial (oblast) courts; Moscow and St. Petersburg city courts; autonomous province and district courts (the 21 Russian republics have court systems specified by their own constitutions)
Political parties
A Just Russia for Truth or SRZP
Civic Platform or CP
Communists of Russia or CPCR
Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF
Cossack Party of the Russian Federation or CosPRF
Democratic Party of Russia or DPR
Green Alternative or GA
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR
New People or NP
Party for Fairness! or PARZAS!
Party of Direct Democracy or PDD
Party of Progress or PP
Party of Pensioners or RPPSJ
Party of Russia's Rebirth or PRR
Party of Social Protection or PSP
Rodina
Russian Ecological Party or The Greens
Russian Party of Freedom and Justice or RPFJ
Russia United Democratic Party or Yabloko
United Russia or UR
Civic Platform or CP
Communists of Russia or CPCR
Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF
Cossack Party of the Russian Federation or CosPRF
Democratic Party of Russia or DPR
Green Alternative or GA
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR
New People or NP
Party for Fairness! or PARZAS!
Party of Direct Democracy or PDD
Party of Progress or PP
Party of Pensioners or RPPSJ
Party of Russia's Rebirth or PRR
Party of Social Protection or PSP
Rodina
Russian Ecological Party or The Greens
Russian Party of Freedom and Justice or RPFJ
Russia United Democratic Party or Yabloko
United Russia or UR
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Alexander Nikitich DARCHIEV (since 11 June 2025)
chancery: 2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 298-5700
FAX: [1] (202) 298-5735
email address and website: rusembusa@mid.ru
https://washington.mid.ru/en/
consulate(s) general: Houston, New York
chancery: 2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 298-5700
FAX: [1] (202) 298-5735
email address and website: rusembusa@mid.ru
https://washington.mid.ru/en/
consulate(s) general: Houston, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires J. Douglas DYKHOUSE (since June 2025)
embassy: 55,75566° N, 37,58028° E
mailing address: 5430 Moscow Place, Washington DC 20521-5430
telephone: [7] (495) 728-5000
FAX: [7] (495) 728-5090
email address and website: MoscowACS@state.gov
https://ru.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Vladivostok (suspended status), Yekaterinburg (suspended status)
embassy: 55,75566° N, 37,58028° E
mailing address: 5430 Moscow Place, Washington DC 20521-5430
telephone: [7] (495) 728-5000
FAX: [7] (495) 728-5090
email address and website: MoscowACS@state.gov
https://ru.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Vladivostok (suspended status), Yekaterinburg (suspended status)
International organization participation
APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, BSEC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Independence
25 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union; Russian SFSR renamed Russian Federation); notable earlier dates: 1157 (Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal created); 16 January 1547 (Tsardom of Muscovy established); 22 October 1721 (Russian Empire proclaimed); 30 December 1922 (Soviet Union established)
Reference: 1991, 1922National holiday
Russia Day, 12 June (1990)
note: note: commemorates the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR)
Reference: 1990note: note: commemorates the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR)
Flag
description: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red
meaning: colors may have been based on the Dutch flag, but no official meaning is assigned
history: created when Russia built its first naval vessels, and was used mostly as a naval flag until the 19th century
note: note: inspired several other Slavic countries to adopt horizontal tricolors of the same colors in different arrangements
meaning: colors may have been based on the Dutch flag, but no official meaning is assigned
history: created when Russia built its first naval vessels, and was used mostly as a naval flag until the 19th century
note: note: inspired several other Slavic countries to adopt horizontal tricolors of the same colors in different arrangements
National symbol(s)
bear, double-headed eagle
National color(s)
white, blue, red
National coat of arms
the current coat of arms of Russia was adopted by presidential decree on 30 November 1993; the double-headed eagle was adopted as a Russian symbol in 1472 when Ivan III married Sophia Palaiologina, niece of the last Byzantine emperor in Constantinople -- the eagle was her family's emblem
Reference: 1993National anthem(s)
title: “Gosudarstvenny Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii” (National Anthem of the Russian Federation)
lyrics/music: Sergey Vladimirovich MIKHALKOV/Aleksandr Vasilyevich ALEKSANDROV
history: adopted 2000; Russia adopted the tune of the Soviet Union's anthem (composed in 1939), as well as new lyrics; MIKHALKOV, who wrote the new lyrics, also authored the Soviet lyrics in 1943
Reference: 2000, 1943, 1939lyrics/music: Sergey Vladimirovich MIKHALKOV/Aleksandr Vasilyevich ALEKSANDROV
history: adopted 2000; Russia adopted the tune of the Soviet Union's anthem (composed in 1939), as well as new lyrics; MIKHALKOV, who wrote the new lyrics, also authored the Soviet lyrics in 1943
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites: 33 (22 cultural, 11 natural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments (c); Kizhi Pogost (c); Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow (c); Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings (c); White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal (c); Architectural Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad (c); Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye (c); Lake Baikal (n); Volcanoes of Kamchatka (n); Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery (c); Historic and Architectural Complex of the Kazan Kremlin (c); Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent (c); Uvs Nuur Basin (n); Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent (c); Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve (n); Historical Centre of the City of Yaroslavl (c); Lena Pillars Nature Park (n); Bolgar Historical and Archaeological Complex (c); Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of the town-island of Sviyazhsk (c); Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture (c); Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea (c); Rock Paintings of Shulgan-Tash Cave (c)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments (c); Kizhi Pogost (c); Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow (c); Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings (c); White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal (c); Architectural Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad (c); Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye (c); Lake Baikal (n); Volcanoes of Kamchatka (n); Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery (c); Historic and Architectural Complex of the Kazan Kremlin (c); Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent (c); Uvs Nuur Basin (n); Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent (c); Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve (n); Historical Centre of the City of Yaroslavl (c); Lena Pillars Nature Park (n); Bolgar Historical and Archaeological Complex (c); Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of the town-island of Sviyazhsk (c); Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture (c); Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea (c); Rock Paintings of Shulgan-Tash Cave (c)
Government & Official Links
| Institution | Official website | X / Twitter | Verification |
|---|---|---|---|
| Russia official website | Official website | — | Reported · source Checked September 20, 2026 |
Institutional accounts only; personal accounts of political office-holders are excluded.
Legislature & Elections
Legislature
| Name | Chamber | Seats | Electoral system |
|---|---|---|---|
| Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation | — | — | — |
Economy
Economic overview
natural resource-rich Eurasian economy; leading energy exporter to Europe and Asia; decreased oil export reliance; endemic corruption, Ukrainian invasion, and lack of green infrastructure limit investment and have led to sanctions
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $6.089 trillion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $5.835 trillion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $5.607 trillion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $5.835 trillion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $5.607 trillion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2024: $41,700 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $39,900 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $38,200 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP per capita 2023: $39,900 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $38,200 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 2.7% (2024 est.)
industry: 30.7% (2024 est.)
services: 57.5% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Reference: 2024industry: 30.7% (2024 est.)
services: 57.5% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption: 49.4% (2024 est.)
government consumption: 18.6% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 22.1% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories: 4.2% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services: 21.9% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services: -17.6% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Reference: 2024government consumption: 18.6% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 22.1% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories: 4.2% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services: 21.9% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services: -17.6% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
wheat, sugar beets, milk, barley, potatoes, sunflower seeds, maize, soybeans, chicken, pork (2023)
note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Reference: 2023note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar, missile production, advanced electronic components), shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts
Industrial production growth rate
4.1% (2024 est.)
note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Reference: 2024note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Labor force
72.517 million (2024 est.)
note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Reference: 2024note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 9.3% (2024 est.)
male: 8.8% (2024 est.)
female: 9.8% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Reference: 2024male: 8.8% (2024 est.)
female: 9.8% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Population below poverty line
12.1% (2020 est.)
note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Reference: 2020note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021: 35.1 (2021 est.)
note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Reference: 2021note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Average household expenditures
on food: 25.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 5.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023on alcohol and tobacco: 5.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 2.7% (2021 est.)
highest 10%: 26.6% (2021 est.)
note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Reference: 2021highest 10%: 26.6% (2021 est.)
note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances
Remittances 2024: 0.1% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances 2023: 0.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 0.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Remittances 2023: 0.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 0.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget
revenues: $704.613 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures: $635.809 billion (2023 est.)
note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Reference: 2023expenditures: $635.809 billion (2023 est.)
note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Public debt
Public debt 2023: 18.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
note: note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Reference: 2023note: note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Taxes and other revenues
12.1% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Reference: 2023note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: $62.287 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: $49.439 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $237.735 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Current account balance 2023: $49.439 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $237.735 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2024: $475.277 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $465.22 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $640.878 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Exports 2023: $465.22 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $640.878 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
China 33%, India 17%, Turkey 8%, Kazakhstan 4%, Brazil 3% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, coal, fertilizers (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2024: $381.45 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $379.659 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $347.384 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Imports 2023: $379.659 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $347.384 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
China 53%, Turkey 5%, Germany 5%, Kazakhstan 5%, Italy 2% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
cars, packaged medicine, broadcasting equipment, garments, plastic products (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $597.217 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $581.71 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021: $632.242 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reference: 2023, 2022, 2021Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $581.71 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021: $632.242 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Debt - external
Debt - external 2022: $135.301 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Reference: 2022note: note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Exchange rates
Currency: Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2023: 85.162 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 68.485 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 73.654 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 72.105 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2019: 64.738 (2019 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020Exchange rates 2023: 85.162 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 68.485 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 73.654 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 72.105 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2019: 64.738 (2019 est.)
Trade
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: $62.287 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: $49.439 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $237.735 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Current account balance 2023: $49.439 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $237.735 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2024: $475.277 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $465.22 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $640.878 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Exports 2023: $465.22 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $640.878 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
China 33%, India 17%, Turkey 8%, Kazakhstan 4%, Brazil 3% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, coal, fertilizers (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2024: $381.45 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $379.659 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $347.384 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Imports 2023: $379.659 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $347.384 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
China 53%, Turkey 5%, Germany 5%, Kazakhstan 5%, Italy 2% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
cars, packaged medicine, broadcasting equipment, garments, plastic products (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Energy & Resources
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 301.926 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 1.011 trillion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 18.66 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 2.852 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 97.301 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 1.011 trillion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 18.66 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 2.852 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 97.301 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 61.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
nuclear: 19.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 0.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 17.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023nuclear: 19.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 0.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 17.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Nuclear energy
Number of operational nuclear reactors: 36 (2025)
Number of nuclear reactors under construction: 4 (2025)
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 26.8GW (2025 est.)
Percent of total electricity production: 18.4% (2023 est.)
Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 11 (2025)
Reference: 2025, 2023Number of nuclear reactors under construction: 4 (2025)
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 26.8GW (2025 est.)
Percent of total electricity production: 18.4% (2023 est.)
Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 11 (2025)
Coal
production: 531.13 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption: 290.763 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 211.944 million metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 20.765 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 162.166 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 290.763 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 211.944 million metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 20.765 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 162.166 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
total petroleum production: 10.879 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 3.863 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 80 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2021refined petroleum consumption: 3.863 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 80 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas
production: 613.447 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption: 474.448 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 124.479 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 5.724 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 47.805 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2021consumption: 474.448 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 124.479 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 5.724 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 47.805 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 224.858 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Infrastructure
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 20,816,300 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (2022 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2022subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (2022 est.)
Health
Maternal mortality ratio
9 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 7.4% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 13.8% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 13.8% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
5.11 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Reference: 2022Hospital bed density
7 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Reference: 2021Obesity - adult prevalence rate
23.1% (2016)
Reference: 2016Tobacco use
total: 26.5% (2025 est.)
male: 40.2% (2025 est.)
female: 15.1% (2025 est.)
male: 40.2% (2025 est.)
female: 15.1% (2025 est.)
Education
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 15 years (2023 est.)
male: 15 years (2023 est.)
female: 15 years (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023male: 15 years (2023 est.)
female: 15 years (2023 est.)
Rights, Freedoms & Society
Press & Media Freedom
V-Dem expert-coded/modelled source measures. Knelstrom does not create a press-freedom ranking or composite score.
LGBTQ+ Rights & Law
Concrete legal-status fields only; Knelstrom does not generate an LGBTQ rights score or country ranking.
Source: Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory (CC BY-SA 4.0). Community-edited legal-status summary; retrieved by Knelstrom and not legal advice.
Crime & Justice
Legal system
civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (consists of 170 members organized into the Judicial Panel for Civil Affairs, the Judicial Panel for Criminal Affairs, and the Military Panel); Constitutional Court (consists of 11 members, including the chairperson and deputy)
judge selection and term of office: all members of Russia's 3 highest courts nominated by the president and appointed by the Federation Council (the upper house of the legislature); members of all 3 courts appointed for life
subordinate courts: regional (kray) and provincial (oblast) courts; Moscow and St. Petersburg city courts; autonomous province and district courts (the 21 Russian republics have court systems specified by their own constitutions)
judge selection and term of office: all members of Russia's 3 highest courts nominated by the president and appointed by the Federation Council (the upper house of the legislature); members of all 3 courts appointed for life
subordinate courts: regional (kray) and provincial (oblast) courts; Moscow and St. Petersburg city courts; autonomous province and district courts (the 21 Russian republics have court systems specified by their own constitutions)
Military & Security
Military and security forces
Armed Forces of the Russian Federation: Ground Forces (SV), Aerospace Forces (VKS), Navy (VMF); separate or independent troop branches include the Airborne Forces (VDV), Missile Troops of Strategic Purpose (RVSN; commonly to as Strategic Rocket Forces), Special Operations Forces, and Unmanned Systems Forces
Federal National Guard Troops Service of the Russian Federation (FSVNG, National Guard, Russian Guard, or Rosgvardiya)
Federal Security Services (FSB): Federal Border Guard Service (includes land and maritime forces) (2025)
note: note 1: the Unmanned Systems Forces were established in 2025
note 2: the National Guard was created in 2016 as an independent agency for internal/regime security, combating terrorism and narcotics trafficking, protecting important state facilities and government personnel, and supporting border security; it also works closely with the Armed Forces; forces under the National Guard include the Special Purpose Mobile Units (OMON), Special Rapid Response Detachment (SOBR), and Interior Troops (VV)
note 3: the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Federal Security Service, Investigative Committee, Office of the Prosecutor General, and National Guard are responsible for law enforcement; the Federal Security Service is responsible for state security, counterintelligence, and counterterrorism, as well as for fighting organized crime and corruption; the Ministry of Internal Affairs includes the national police force
Reference: 2025, 2016Federal National Guard Troops Service of the Russian Federation (FSVNG, National Guard, Russian Guard, or Rosgvardiya)
Federal Security Services (FSB): Federal Border Guard Service (includes land and maritime forces) (2025)
note: note 1: the Unmanned Systems Forces were established in 2025
note 2: the National Guard was created in 2016 as an independent agency for internal/regime security, combating terrorism and narcotics trafficking, protecting important state facilities and government personnel, and supporting border security; it also works closely with the Armed Forces; forces under the National Guard include the Special Purpose Mobile Units (OMON), Special Rapid Response Detachment (SOBR), and Interior Troops (VV)
note 3: the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Federal Security Service, Investigative Committee, Office of the Prosecutor General, and National Guard are responsible for law enforcement; the Federal Security Service is responsible for state security, counterintelligence, and counterterrorism, as well as for fighting organized crime and corruption; the Ministry of Internal Affairs includes the national police force
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2024: 7% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 5% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 4.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 4% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2020: 4% of GDP (2020 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Military Expenditures 2023: 5% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 4.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 4% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2020: 4% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
estimated 1.1-1.2 million active Armed Forces; estimated 350,000 Federal National Guard Troops (2025)
note: note: in September 2024, President PUTIN ordered the Russian military to increase in size to 1.5 million personnel
Reference: 2025, 2024note: note: in September 2024, President PUTIN ordered the Russian military to increase in size to 1.5 million personnel
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the Russian Federation's military and paramilitary services are equipped with domestically produced weapons systems, although in recent years Russia has imported considerable amounts of military hardware from external suppliers such as Iran and North Korea; the Russian defense industry is capable of designing, developing, and producing a full range of advanced air, land, missile, and naval systems; Russia is the world's second largest exporter of military hardware (2024)
Reference: 2024Military service age and obligation
18-30 years of age for compulsory service for men; 18-40 for voluntary/contractual service; women and non-Russian citizens (18-30) may volunteer; 12-month service obligation (Russia offers the option of serving on a 24-month contract instead of completing a 12-month conscription period) (2024)
note: note 1: in 2022, Russia's parliament approved a law removing the upper age limit for contractual service in the military; also in 2022, President Vladimir PUTIN signed a decree allowing dual-national Russians and those with permanent residency status in foreign countries to be drafted into the army for military service
note 2: historically, the Russian military has taken in about 260,000 conscripts each year in two semi-annual drafts (Spring and Fall)
note 3: prior to the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, approximately 40-45,000 women served in the Russian Armed Forces
note 4: since 2015, foreigners 18-30 with a good command of Russian have been allowed to join the military on five-year contracts and become eligible for Russian citizenship after serving three years; in October 2022, the Interior Ministry opened up recruitment centers for foreigners to sign a one-year service contract with the armed forces, other troops, or military formations participating in the invasion of Ukraine with the promise of simplifying the process of obtaining Russian citizenship
Reference: 2024, 2022, 2015note: note 1: in 2022, Russia's parliament approved a law removing the upper age limit for contractual service in the military; also in 2022, President Vladimir PUTIN signed a decree allowing dual-national Russians and those with permanent residency status in foreign countries to be drafted into the army for military service
note 2: historically, the Russian military has taken in about 260,000 conscripts each year in two semi-annual drafts (Spring and Fall)
note 3: prior to the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, approximately 40-45,000 women served in the Russian Armed Forces
note 4: since 2015, foreigners 18-30 with a good command of Russian have been allowed to join the military on five-year contracts and become eligible for Russian citizenship after serving three years; in October 2022, the Interior Ministry opened up recruitment centers for foreigners to sign a one-year service contract with the armed forces, other troops, or military formations participating in the invasion of Ukraine with the promise of simplifying the process of obtaining Russian citizenship
Military deployments
estimated 600,000 in Ukraine; more than 20,000 additional military personnel deployed in former Soviet states and elsewhere, including Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Libya, Moldova, Syria, sub-Saharan Africa, and Tajikistan (2025)
note: note: Russia is also assessed to have thousands of paramilitary security personnel and private military contractors deployed in Africa, including in Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Libya, Mali, Niger, and Sudan
note: note: Russia is also assessed to have thousands of paramilitary security personnel and private military contractors deployed in Africa, including in Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Libya, Mali, Niger, and Sudan
Military - note
the Russian military is responsible for protecting the country's sovereignty and territorial integrity, providing maritime security, and supporting Moscow's national security objectives, including projecting influence and power abroad and deterring perceived external threats; its missions include air, land, maritime, strategic missile, and expeditionary operations; it is also active in the areas of cyber warfare, electronic warfare, and space; the Russian military's focus is its ongoing war on Ukraine and the perceived threat from NATO and the US
in February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale military invasion of Ukraine, beginning what is the largest war in Europe since World War II ended in 1945; Russian military forces occupied Ukraine’s province of Crimea in 2014, and Moscow subsequently backed separatist forces in the Donbas region of Ukraine with arms, equipment, and training, as well as Russian military troops, although Moscow denied their presence prior to 2022
Russia intervened in the Syrian civil war at the request of the Syrian Government from September 2015 until the collapse of the ASAD regime in December 2024; it was Moscow’s first overseas military expeditionary operation since the Soviet era; Russian assistance included air support, arms and equipment, intelligence, military advisors, private military contractors, special operations forces, and training; Russia seized the Georgian regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by force in 2008 (2025)
Reference: 2025, 2024, 2022, 2015in February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale military invasion of Ukraine, beginning what is the largest war in Europe since World War II ended in 1945; Russian military forces occupied Ukraine’s province of Crimea in 2014, and Moscow subsequently backed separatist forces in the Donbas region of Ukraine with arms, equipment, and training, as well as Russian military troops, although Moscow denied their presence prior to 2022
Russia intervened in the Syrian civil war at the request of the Syrian Government from September 2015 until the collapse of the ASAD regime in December 2024; it was Moscow’s first overseas military expeditionary operation since the Soviet era; Russian assistance included air support, arms and equipment, intelligence, military advisors, private military contractors, special operations forces, and training; Russia seized the Georgian regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by force in 2008 (2025)
Nuclear & Strategic Forces
Estimated arsenal figures are open-source assessments rather than official government declarations. “Deployed” follows the source table definition and should not be read as a complete count of every operational non-strategic weapon.
International Relations
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Alexander Nikitich DARCHIEV (since 11 June 2025)
chancery: 2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 298-5700
FAX: [1] (202) 298-5735
email address and website: rusembusa@mid.ru
https://washington.mid.ru/en/
consulate(s) general: Houston, New York
chancery: 2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 298-5700
FAX: [1] (202) 298-5735
email address and website: rusembusa@mid.ru
https://washington.mid.ru/en/
consulate(s) general: Houston, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires J. Douglas DYKHOUSE (since June 2025)
embassy: 55,75566° N, 37,58028° E
mailing address: 5430 Moscow Place, Washington DC 20521-5430
telephone: [7] (495) 728-5000
FAX: [7] (495) 728-5090
email address and website: MoscowACS@state.gov
https://ru.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Vladivostok (suspended status), Yekaterinburg (suspended status)
embassy: 55,75566° N, 37,58028° E
mailing address: 5430 Moscow Place, Washington DC 20521-5430
telephone: [7] (495) 728-5000
FAX: [7] (495) 728-5090
email address and website: MoscowACS@state.gov
https://ru.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Vladivostok (suspended status), Yekaterinburg (suspended status)
International organization participation
APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, BSEC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Treaties & Organisations
| Organisation | Status | Joined |
|---|---|---|
| BRICS (BRICS) | member | 2009-06-16 |
| Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) | member | 1992-01-01 |
| G20 (G20) | member | 1999-09-26 |
| Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) | member | 1994-00-00 |
| United Nations (UN) | member | 1991-12-24 |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | member | 2012-08-22 |
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
International organization participation
APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, BSEC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Conflict & Security
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 11,440 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 172,783 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 90,185 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024IDPs: 172,783 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 90,185 (2024 est.)
Trafficking in persons
tier rating: Tier 3 — Russia does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so, therefore, Russia remained on Tier 3; for more details, go to: https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-trafficking-in-persons-report/russia/
Terrorist group(s)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
note: note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
note: note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
Transportation & Logistics
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
RA
Airports
905 (2025)
Heliports
494 (2025)
Railways
total: 85,494 km (2019)
narrow gauge: 957 km
Reference: 2019narrow gauge: 957 km
Merchant marine
total: 2,910 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 15, container ship 20, general cargo 976, oil tanker 387, other 1,512
Reference: 2023by type: bulk carrier 15, container ship 20, general cargo 976, oil tanker 387, other 1,512
Ports
total ports: 67 (2024)
large: 4
medium: 5
small: 19
very small: 38
size unknown: 1
ports with oil terminals: 32
key ports: Arkhangels'k, De Kastri, Dudinka, Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Novorossiysk, Sankt-Peterburg, Vladivostok, Vyborg
Reference: 2024large: 4
medium: 5
small: 19
very small: 38
size unknown: 1
ports with oil terminals: 32
key ports: Arkhangels'k, De Kastri, Dudinka, Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Novorossiysk, Sankt-Peterburg, Vladivostok, Vyborg
Environment
Environmental issues
air pollution from heavy industry, coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from agricultural chemicals; nuclear waste disposal; scattered areas of radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid-waste management; abandoned stocks of pesticides
International environmental agreements
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94
Climate
ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
Land use
agricultural land: 13.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 7.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 5.6% (2023 est.)
forest: 50.7% (2023 est.)
other: 35.9% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 7.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 5.6% (2023 est.)
forest: 50.7% (2023 est.)
other: 35.9% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 75.3% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2020rate of urbanization: 0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions: 1.844 billion metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 479.311 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 453.103 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 912.076 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023from coal and metallurgical coke: 479.311 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 453.103 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 912.076 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
9.1 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019Methane emissions
energy: 13,815.3 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture: 1,972.6 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 4,069.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 363.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022, 2021, 2019agriculture: 1,972.6 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 4,069.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 363.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 60 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 5.3% (2022 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 5.3% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 17.15 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial: 29.03 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 18.64 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022industrial: 29.03 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 18.64 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total renewable water resources
4.53 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022Geoparks
total global geoparks and regional networks: 1
global geoparks and regional networks: Yangan-Tau (2023)
Reference: 2023global geoparks and regional networks: Yangan-Tau (2023)
Communications & Media
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 20,816,300 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (2022 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2022subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (2022 est.)
Broadcast media
13 national TV stations: the federal government owns 1 and controls a second, state-owned Gazprom controls 2, state-affiliated Bank Rossiya controls 2, Moscow city administration runs 1, the Russian Orthodox Church owns 1, and the Russian military owns 1; around 3,300 national, regional, and local TV stations, with over two-thirds completely or partially state-controlled; satellite TV available; 2 state-run national radio networks, with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; around 2,400 public and commercial radio stations
Internet country code
.ru
Historical Trends
Population
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Population data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 145,015,460 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 145,293,260 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 145,398,106 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 145,453,291 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 145,245,148 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 144,746,762 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 144,236,933 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 143,826,130 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 143,669,648 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 143,513,328 | world_bank_wdi |
GDP (current US$)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View GDP (current US$) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | $1,276,786,350,881 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | $1,574,199,360,089 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | $1,657,328,773,461 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | $1,693,115,002,708 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | $1,493,075,894,362 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | $1,829,186,719,575 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | $2,292,495,097,682 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | $2,046,284,838,151 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | $2,186,462,268,813 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | $2,561,310,169,359 | world_bank_wdi |
International migrant stock (immigrants)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International migrant stock (immigrants) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 7,297,611 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 7,605,774 | world_bank_wdi |
International emigrant stock
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International emigrant stock data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 12,427,364 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 1995 | 10,281,407 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2000 | 8,879,470 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2005 | 8,675,250 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2010 | 8,545,806 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2015 | 8,528,582 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2020 | 8,747,396 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2024 | 9,134,094 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
Net migration
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Net migration data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 447,645 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 396,619 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 339,972 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 336,494 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 334,094 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 314,112 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 765,629 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 27,807 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | -178,042 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | -251,822 | world_bank_wdi |
Sources & Methodology
Current statistical observations include their reference period and provenance. Reference fields from approved source datasets are attributed below. Missing information is left unknown rather than inferred.
| Indicator | Value | Period | Source | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 143,513,328 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| UN Population Division population estimate | 143,394,458 | 2026 | UN Population Division Data Portal | Estimated |
| Wikidata population (fallback) | 146,119,928 | 2025 | Wikidata | Reported |
| International migrant stock (immigrants) | 7,605,774 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International migrant stock | 5.3% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International emigrant stock | 9,134,094 | 2024 | UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2024 | Estimated |
| Net migration | -251,822 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Refugees hosted | 3,164 | 2012 | UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics | Verified |
| Asylum seekers hosted | 816 | 2012 | UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics | Verified |
| Refugees from this country | 99,360 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Asylum seekers from this country | 88,310 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Freedom of expression & alternative information index | 0.080 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Government censorship effort — media | -2.222 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Harassment of journalists | -2.349 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Print/broadcast media critical of government | -1.773 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Range of perspectives in major media | -2.605 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media bias | -1.576 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media self-censorship | -1.423 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Same-sex sexual activity | Yes Yes Fully legal nationwide since 1993; (de-facto illegal and punishment up to death in Chechnya) | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Recognition of same-sex relationships | No No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex marriage | No No Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples since 2020 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex adoption | No No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Open military service | Yes Yes | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law | No No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Gender identity / expression law | No No Gender change has not been legal since 2023 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Nuclear weapons status | NPT-recognized nuclear-weapon state | 2026 | Wikipedia — nuclear-armed states overview (2026 snapshot) | Reported |
| Estimated military nuclear stockpile | 4,400 | 2026 | Wikipedia — nuclear-armed states overview (2026 snapshot) | Estimated |
| Estimated deployed nuclear warheads | 1,796 | 2026 | Wikipedia — nuclear-armed states overview (2026 snapshot) | Estimated |
| Nuclear delivery configuration | Nuclear triad | 2026 | Wikipedia — nuclear-armed states overview (2026 snapshot) | Estimated |
| First nuclear test | 29 August 1949 | 2026 | Wikipedia — nuclear-armed states overview (2026 snapshot) | Reported |
| Nuclear tests | 715 | 2026 | Wikipedia — nuclear-armed states overview (2026 snapshot) | Estimated |
| GDP (current US$) | $2,561,310,169,359 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP per capita (current US$) | $17,547 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP growth | 1.0% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Inflation, consumer prices | 8.7% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Unemployment | 2.1% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Income level | High income | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Life expectancy at birth | 73.4 years | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fertility rate | 1.4 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Urban population | 75.3% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Individuals using the Internet | 94.4% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Exports of goods and services | 18.2% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Imports of goods and services | 15.5% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Trade | 33.7% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Adult literacy rate | 99.9% | 2021 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secondary school enrolment, gross | 92.5% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Government education expenditure | 4.2% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Access to electricity | 100.0% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Electric power consumption | 7,285 kWh/person | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Renewable energy consumption | 3.5% | 2021 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Current health expenditure | 7.0% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Infant mortality rate | 4.1 per 1,000 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Forest area | 49.8% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Mobile cellular subscriptions | 186.1 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fixed broadband subscriptions | 27.1 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secure Internet servers | 26,105 per million | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude | 55.7558° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Longitude | 37.6176° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude (Wikidata) | 66.4167° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Longitude (Wikidata) | 94.2500° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Time zone | UTC+02:00 | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Form of government | super-presidential republic | current | Wikidata | Reported |
Data attribution
Credits below are generated from sources actually used by this country profile. Source-specific terms take precedence.
- CIA World Factbook, final 2025 country profile (structured via factbook.json). Accessed September 20, 2026. U.S. Government public-domain data; retained as a reference source where a newer approved field is not available. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, International Migrant Stock 2024; data access/processing via Our World in Data. Accessed September 20, 2026. Underlying UN dataset used under CC BY 3.0 IGO. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects (WPP indicator 49) Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 3.0 IGO; current-year WPP population values are presented as estimates/projections where applicable. Source · Terms/licence
- UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics Database. Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 4.0 except where a dataset identifies a different source or licence. Source · Terms/licence
- Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), Country-Year Dataset v16 (variables: v2mebias, v2mecenefm, v2mecrit, v2meharjrn, v2merange, v2meslfcen, v2x_freexp_altinf) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0; V-Dem measures are expert-coded/modelled and no V-Dem endorsement is implied. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikidata structured data (CC0). Accessed September 20, 2026. Attribution is provided by Knelstrom for provenance although CC0 does not require it. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikipedia, “LGBTQ rights by country or territory” (source revision/data fields: Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Gender identity / expression law, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Open military service, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Recognition of same-sex relationships, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex adoption, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex marriage, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex sexual activity, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0. Knelstrom changes formatting and presents the imported material as a community-edited legal-status summary, not legal advice or a Knelstrom rights score. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikipedia, “List of states with nuclear weapons”, 2026 nuclear-forces overview (data points: Delivery configuration, Estimated deployed warheads, Estimated military stockpile, First nuclear test, Nuclear status, Nuclear tests) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0. Knelstrom stores concise source-attributed estimates and does not present them as official government arsenal declarations. Source · Terms/licence
- World Bank, World Development Indicators (series: AG.LND.FRST.ZS, country_metadata, EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS, EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS, EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC, FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG, IT.CEL.SETS.P2, IT.NET.BBND.P2, IT.NET.SECR.P6, IT.NET.USER.ZS, NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS, NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS, NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS, NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG, NY.GDP.PCAP.CD, SE.ADT.LITR.ZS, SE.SEC.ENRR, SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS, SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS, SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS, SM.POP.ASYS.EO, SM.POP.NETM, SM.POP.RHCR.EO, SM.POP.TOTL, SM.POP.TOTL.ZS, SP.DYN.IMRT.IN, SP.DYN.LE00.IN, SP.DYN.TFRT.IN, SP.POP.TOTL, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS) Accessed September 20, 2026. Data used under CC BY 4.0; Knelstrom presentation/formatting may differ from the source. Source · Terms/licence
Knelstrom does not imply endorsement by any listed data provider.
Last automated statistical refresh: 2026-09-20 02:10:30