Knelstrom Intelligence · World Factbook
Portugal
Portugalská republika
CapitalLisbon
Population10,804,871
GDP$346.6bn
Area92,225 km²
RegionEurope & Central Asia
Data sources current · last checked September 20, 2026 2:11 am
Country facts
Overview
Background
A global maritime power during the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of Brazil, its wealthiest colony, in 1822. A revolution deposed the monarchy in 1910, and for most of the next six decades, repressive governments ran the country. In 1974, a left-wing military coup ushered in broad democratic reforms. The following year, Portugal granted independence to all its African colonies. Portugal is a founding member of NATO and entered the EC (now the EU) in 1986.
Reference: 1986, 1974, 1910Geography
Location
Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Spain
Map references
Europe
Area
total: 92,090 sq km
land: 91,470 sq km
water: 620 sq km
note: note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands
land: 91,470 sq km
water: 620 sq km
note: note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands
Area - comparative
slightly smaller than Virginia
Land boundaries
total: 1,224 km
border countries: Spain 1,224 km
border countries: Spain 1,224 km
Coastline
1,793 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate
maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south
Terrain
the west-flowing Tagus River divides the country: the north is mountainous toward the interior, while the south is characterized by rolling plains
Elevation
highest point: Ponta do Pico (Pico or Pico Alto) on Ilha do Pico in the Azores 2,351 m
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
mean elevation: 372 m
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
mean elevation: 372 m
Natural resources
fish, forests (cork), iron ore, copper, zinc, tin, tungsten, silver, gold, uranium, marble, clay, gypsum, salt, arable land, hydropower
Land use
agricultural land: 43.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 10.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 9.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 23.6% (2023 est.)
forest: 36.6% (2023 est.)
other: 5.7% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 10.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 9.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 23.6% (2023 est.)
forest: 36.6% (2023 est.)
other: 5.7% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
5,662 sq km (2019)
Reference: 2019Population distribution
concentrations are primarily along or near the Atlantic coast; both Lisbon and the second largest city, Porto, are coastal cities
Natural hazards
Azores subject to severe earthquakes
volcanism: limited volcanic activity in the Azores Islands; Fayal or Faial (1,043 m) last erupted in 1958; most volcanoes have not erupted in centuries; historically active volcanoes include Agua de Pau, Furnas, Pico, Picos Volcanic System, San Jorge, Sete Cidades, and Terceira
Reference: 1958volcanism: limited volcanic activity in the Azores Islands; Fayal or Faial (1,043 m) last erupted in 1958; most volcanoes have not erupted in centuries; historically active volcanoes include Agua de Pau, Furnas, Pico, Picos Volcanic System, San Jorge, Sete Cidades, and Terceira
Geography - note
Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar; they are two of the four North Atlantic archipelagos that make up Macaronesia; the others are the Canary Islands (Spain) and Cabo Verde
Population & Society
Nationality
noun: Portuguese (singular and plural)
adjective: Portuguese
adjective: Portuguese
Ethnic groups
Portuguese 95%; citizens from Portugal’s former colonies in Africa, Asia (Han Chinese), and South America (Brazilian) and other foreign born 5%
Languages
Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official, but locally used)
Religions
Roman Catholic 79.7%, Protestant 2.2%, other Christian 2.5%, other non-Christian, 1.1%, none 14.5% (2021 est.)
note: note: data represent population 15 years of age and older
Reference: 2021note: note: data represent population 15 years of age and older
Age structure
0-14 years: 12.7% (male 662,419/female 631,284)
15-64 years: 65% (male 3,264,766/female 3,371,087)
65 years and over: 22.3% (2024 est.) (male 908,578/female 1,369,043)
Reference: 202415-64 years: 65% (male 3,264,766/female 3,371,087)
65 years and over: 22.3% (2024 est.) (male 908,578/female 1,369,043)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 53.8 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 19.5 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 34.3 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 2.9 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024youth dependency ratio: 19.5 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 34.3 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 2.9 (2024 est.)
Median age
total: 46.4 years (2024 est.)
male: 44.3 years
female: 48.3 years
Reference: 2024male: 44.3 years
female: 48.3 years
Population growth rate
-0.14% (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Birth rate
8 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Death rate
10.9 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Population distribution
concentrations are primarily along or near the Atlantic coast; both Lisbon and the second largest city, Porto, are coastal cities
Major urban areas - population
3.001 million LISBON (capital), 1.325 million Porto (2023)
Reference: 2023Sex ratio
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
total population: 0.9 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Reference: 20240-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
total population: 0.9 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
29.9 years (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020Maternal mortality ratio
15 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Gross reproduction rate
0.71 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Drinking water source
improved: urban: urban: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 97.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 99.3% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 2.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0.7% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 97.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 99.3% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 2.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0.7% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 10.6% of GDP (2022)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 14.8% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 14.8% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
5.85 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Reference: 2022Hospital bed density
3.5 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
20.8% (2016)
Reference: 2016Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 10.37 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 2.62 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 6.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 1.34 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.37 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019beer: 2.62 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 6.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 1.34 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.37 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use
total: 20.7% (2025 est.)
male: 26.1% (2025 est.)
female: 15.9% (2025 est.)
male: 26.1% (2025 est.)
female: 15.9% (2025 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
0.9% (2016 est.)
Reference: 2016Currently married women (ages 15-49)
52.6% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 18 years (2022 est.)
male: 17 years (2022 est.)
female: 18 years (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022male: 17 years (2022 est.)
female: 18 years (2022 est.)
Migration & Displacement
Immigrant/emigrant stock measures the number of international migrants resident in, or originating from, the country; it is not the same as annual immigration/emigration flows.
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 71,166 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 21 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 31 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024IDPs: 21 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 31 (2024 est.)
Government & Politics
| Office | Holder | Affiliation | From | Status | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Head of state | António José Seguro | — | 2026-03-09 | Current | Reported |
| Head of government | Luís Montenegro | — | 2024-04-02 | Current | Reported |
Country name
conventional long form: Portuguese Republic
conventional short form: Portugal
local long form: Republica Portuguesa
local short form: Portugal
etymology: name derives from the Roman designation "Portus Cale," meaning "Port of Cale;" Cale was located in present-day northern Portugal, and its name is said to come from the Latin word calere (to be warm) because the harbor never iced over
conventional short form: Portugal
local long form: Republica Portuguesa
local short form: Portugal
etymology: name derives from the Roman designation "Portus Cale," meaning "Port of Cale;" Cale was located in present-day northern Portugal, and its name is said to come from the Latin word calere (to be warm) because the harbor never iced over
Capital
name: Lisbon
geographic coordinates: 38 43 N, 9 08 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
time zone note: Portugal has two time zones, including the Azores (UTC-1)
etymology: the origin of the name is unclear; some trace it back to the legendary Greek hero Ulysses; others claim a derivation from the Phoenician alis-ubbo, or "joyful bay"
geographic coordinates: 38 43 N, 9 08 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
time zone note: Portugal has two time zones, including the Azores (UTC-1)
etymology: the origin of the name is unclear; some trace it back to the legendary Greek hero Ulysses; others claim a derivation from the Phoenician alis-ubbo, or "joyful bay"
Administrative divisions
18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* (regioes autonomas, singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*, Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa (Lisbon), Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu
Legal system
civil law system; Constitutional Court reviews legislative acts
Constitution
history: several previous; latest adopted 2 April 1976, effective 25 April 1976
amendment process: proposed by the Assembly of the Republic; adoption requires two-thirds majority vote of Assembly members
Reference: 1976amendment process: proposed by the Assembly of the Republic; adoption requires two-thirds majority vote of Assembly members
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Portugal
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years; 6 years if from a Portuguese-speaking country
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Portugal
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years; 6 years if from a Portuguese-speaking country
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch
chief of state: President Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA (since 9 March 2016)
head of government: Prime Minister Antonio Luis MONTENEGRO (since 2 April 2024)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); following legislative elections, the president usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister
most recent election date: 24 January 2021
election results: 2021: Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA reelected president in the first round; percent of vote - Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA (PSD) 60.7%, Ana GOMES (ran as an independent but is a member of PS) 13%, Andre VENTURA (CH) 11.9%, João FERREIRA (PCP-PEV) 4.3%, other 10.1%
2016: Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA elected president in the first round; percent of vote - Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA (PSD) 52%, António SAMPAIO DA NOVOA (independent) 22.9%, Marisa MATIAS (BE) 10.1%, Maria DE BELEM ROSEIRA (PS) 4.2%, other 10.8%
expected date of next election: January 2026
note: note: there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultative body to the president
Reference: 2026, 2024, 2021, 2016head of government: Prime Minister Antonio Luis MONTENEGRO (since 2 April 2024)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); following legislative elections, the president usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister
most recent election date: 24 January 2021
election results: 2021: Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA reelected president in the first round; percent of vote - Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA (PSD) 60.7%, Ana GOMES (ran as an independent but is a member of PS) 13%, Andre VENTURA (CH) 11.9%, João FERREIRA (PCP-PEV) 4.3%, other 10.1%
2016: Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA elected president in the first round; percent of vote - Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA (PSD) 52%, António SAMPAIO DA NOVOA (independent) 22.9%, Marisa MATIAS (BE) 10.1%, Maria DE BELEM ROSEIRA (PS) 4.2%, other 10.8%
expected date of next election: January 2026
note: note: there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultative body to the president
Legislative branch
legislature name: Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica)
legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 230 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 5/18/2025
parties elected and seats per party: Social Democratic Party (PPD/PSD) - Democratic and Social Centre - People's Party (CDS-PP) (88); Chega (CH) (60); Socialist Party (PS) (58); Other (24)
percentage of women in chamber: 35.7%
expected date of next election: September 2029
Reference: 2029, 2025legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 230 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 5/18/2025
parties elected and seats per party: Social Democratic Party (PPD/PSD) - Democratic and Social Centre - People's Party (CDS-PP) (88); Chega (CH) (60); Socialist Party (PS) (58); Other (24)
percentage of women in chamber: 35.7%
expected date of next election: September 2029
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica (consists of 12 justices); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional (consists of 13 judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court justices nominated by the president and appointed by the Assembly of the Republic; judges can serve for life; Constitutional Court judges - 10 elected by the Assembly and 3 elected by the other Constitutional Court judges; judges elected for 6-year nonrenewable terms
subordinate courts: Supreme Administrative Court (Supremo Tribunal Administrativo); Audit Court (Tribunal de Contas); appellate, district, and municipal courts
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court justices nominated by the president and appointed by the Assembly of the Republic; judges can serve for life; Constitutional Court judges - 10 elected by the Assembly and 3 elected by the other Constitutional Court judges; judges elected for 6-year nonrenewable terms
subordinate courts: Supreme Administrative Court (Supremo Tribunal Administrativo); Audit Court (Tribunal de Contas); appellate, district, and municipal courts
Political parties
Democratic Alliance or AD (2024 electoral alliance in the Azores, includes PSD, CDS-PP, PPM)
Democratic and Social Center/People's Party (Partido do Centro Democratico Social-Partido Popular) or CDS-PP
Ecologist Party "The Greens" or "Os Verdes" (Partido Ecologista-Os Verdes) or PEV
Enough (Chega)
Liberal Initiative (Iniciativa Liberal) or IL
LIVRE or L
People-Animals-Nature Party (Pessoas-Animais-Natureza) or PAN
People's Monarchist Party or PPM
Portuguese Communist Party (Partido Comunista Portugues) or PCP
Social Democratic Party (Partido Social Democrata) or PSD (formerly the Partido Popular Democratico or PPD)
Socialist Party (Partido Socialista) or PS
The Left Bloc (Bloco de Esquerda) or BE or O Bloco
Unitary Democratic Coalition (Coligacao Democratica Unitaria) or CDU (includes PCP and PEV) (2024)
Reference: 2024Democratic and Social Center/People's Party (Partido do Centro Democratico Social-Partido Popular) or CDS-PP
Ecologist Party "The Greens" or "Os Verdes" (Partido Ecologista-Os Verdes) or PEV
Enough (Chega)
Liberal Initiative (Iniciativa Liberal) or IL
LIVRE or L
People-Animals-Nature Party (Pessoas-Animais-Natureza) or PAN
People's Monarchist Party or PPM
Portuguese Communist Party (Partido Comunista Portugues) or PCP
Social Democratic Party (Partido Social Democrata) or PSD (formerly the Partido Popular Democratico or PPD)
Socialist Party (Partido Socialista) or PS
The Left Bloc (Bloco de Esquerda) or BE or O Bloco
Unitary Democratic Coalition (Coligacao Democratica Unitaria) or CDU (includes PCP and PEV) (2024)
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Francisco Antonio DUARTE LOPES (since 7 June 2022)
chancery: 2012 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 350-5400
FAX: [1] (202) 462-3726
email address and website: info.washington@mne.pt
https://washingtondc.embaixadaportugal.mne.gov.pt/en/
consulate(s) general: Boston, Newark (NJ), New York, San Francisco
consulate(s): New Bedford (MA), Providence (RI)
Reference: 2022, 2012chancery: 2012 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 350-5400
FAX: [1] (202) 462-3726
email address and website: info.washington@mne.pt
https://washingtondc.embaixadaportugal.mne.gov.pt/en/
consulate(s) general: Boston, Newark (NJ), New York, San Francisco
consulate(s): New Bedford (MA), Providence (RI)
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador John Joseph ARRIGO (since 30 September 2025)
embassy: Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600-081 Lisboa
mailing address: 5320 Lisbon Place, Washington DC 20521-5320
telephone: [351] (21) 727-3300
FAX: [351] (21) 726-9109
email address and website: conslisbon@state.gov
https://pt.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s): Ponta Delgada (Azores)
embassy: Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600-081 Lisboa
mailing address: 5320 Lisbon Place, Washington DC 20521-5320
telephone: [351] (21) 727-3300
FAX: [351] (21) 726-9109
email address and website: conslisbon@state.gov
https://pt.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s): Ponta Delgada (Azores)
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CERN, CPLP, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Independence
1143 (Kingdom of Portugal recognized); 1 December 1640 (independence reestablished after 60 years of Spanish rule); 5 October 1910 (republic proclaimed)
Reference: 1910National holiday
Portugal Day (Dia de Portugal), 10 June (1580)
note: note: also called Camoes Day, the day that revered national poet Luis DE CAMOES (1524-80) died
note: note: also called Camoes Day, the day that revered national poet Luis DE CAMOES (1524-80) died
Flag
description: two vertical bands of green (left side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths), with the national coat of arms (armillary sphere and national shield) centered on the dividing line
meaning: explanations for the color meanings are ambiguous, but a popular interpretation says that green symbolizes hope and red the blood of those defending the nation
meaning: explanations for the color meanings are ambiguous, but a popular interpretation says that green symbolizes hope and red the blood of those defending the nation
National symbol(s)
armillary sphere (a spherical astrolabe for modeling objects in the sky)
National color(s)
red, green
National anthem(s)
title: "A Portugesa" (The Song of the Portuguese)
lyrics/music: Henrique LOPES DE MENDOCA/Alfredo KEIL
history: adopted 1911; originally written to protest the Portuguese monarchy's acquiescence to the 1890 British ultimatum forcing Portugal to give up areas of Africa
Reference: 1911lyrics/music: Henrique LOPES DE MENDOCA/Alfredo KEIL
history: adopted 1911; originally written to protest the Portuguese monarchy's acquiescence to the 1890 British ultimatum forcing Portugal to give up areas of Africa
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites: 17 (16 cultural, 1 natural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Historic Évora (c); Central Zone of the Town of Angra do Heroismo in the Azores (c); Cultural Landscape of Sintra (c); Laurisilva of Madeira (n); Historic Guimarães (c); Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém in Lisbon (c); Convent of Christ in Tomar (c); Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde (c); University of Coimbra – Alta and Sofia (c); Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte in Braga (c)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Historic Évora (c); Central Zone of the Town of Angra do Heroismo in the Azores (c); Cultural Landscape of Sintra (c); Laurisilva of Madeira (n); Historic Guimarães (c); Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém in Lisbon (c); Convent of Christ in Tomar (c); Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde (c); University of Coimbra – Alta and Sofia (c); Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte in Braga (c)
Government & Official Links
| Institution | Official website | X / Twitter | Verification |
|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal official website | Official website | — | Reported · source Checked September 20, 2026 |
Institutional accounts only; personal accounts of political office-holders are excluded.
Legislature & Elections
Legislature
| Name | Chamber | Seats | Electoral system |
|---|---|---|---|
| Assembly of the Republic | — | 230 | — |
Economy
Economic overview
high-income EU and eurozone economy; strong services sector led by tourism and banking; tight labor market; growth driven by private consumption, trade surplus, and public investment from EU funds; declining public debt
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $448.226 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $439.745 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $428.547 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $439.745 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $428.547 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2024: $41,900 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $41,600 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $41,100 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP per capita 2023: $41,600 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $41,100 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 2% (2024 est.)
industry: 18.4% (2024 est.)
services: 66.4% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Reference: 2024industry: 18.4% (2024 est.)
services: 66.4% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption: 62% (2023 est.)
government consumption: 16.8% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 20.1% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: 0.4% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 47.5% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -46.4% (2023 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Reference: 2023government consumption: 16.8% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 20.1% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: 0.4% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 47.5% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -46.4% (2023 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
milk, tomatoes, olives, grapes, maize, pork, potatoes, chicken, apples, oranges (2023)
note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Reference: 2023note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
textiles, clothing, footwear, wood and cork, paper and pulp, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, automobiles and auto parts, base metals, minerals, porcelain and ceramics, glassware, technology, telecommunications; dairy products, wine, other foodstuffs; ship construction and refurbishment; tourism, plastics, financial services, optics
Industrial production growth rate
1.2% (2024 est.)
note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Reference: 2024note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Labor force
5.464 million (2024 est.)
note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Reference: 2024note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 21.2% (2024 est.)
male: 21.6% (2024 est.)
female: 20.7% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Reference: 2024male: 21.6% (2024 est.)
female: 20.7% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Population below poverty line
16.4% (2021 est.)
note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Reference: 2021note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022: 36.3 (2022 est.)
note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Reference: 2022note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Average household expenditures
on food: 17.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 3.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023on alcohol and tobacco: 3.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 2.5% (2022 est.)
highest 10%: 28.8% (2022 est.)
note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Reference: 2022highest 10%: 28.8% (2022 est.)
note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances
Remittances 2024: 0.6% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances 2023: 0.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 0.6% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Remittances 2023: 0.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 0.6% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget
revenues: $112.802 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures: $109.044 billion (2023 est.)
note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Reference: 2023expenditures: $109.044 billion (2023 est.)
note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Public debt
Public debt 2017: 125.7% of GDP (2017 est.)
note: note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Reference: 2017note: note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Taxes and other revenues
22.8% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Reference: 2023note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: $6.708 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: $1.624 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$5.356 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Current account balance 2023: $1.624 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$5.356 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2024: $144.237 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $137.934 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $126.953 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Exports 2023: $137.934 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $126.953 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
Spain 21%, France 11%, Germany 10%, USA 8%, UK 5% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
cars, garments, vehicle parts/accessories, unpackaged medicine, refined petroleum (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2024: $136.976 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $133.617 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $132.193 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Imports 2023: $133.617 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $132.193 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
Spain 33%, Germany 11%, France 7%, Netherlands 5%, China 5% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
cars, crude petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories, refined petroleum, garments (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $42.434 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $35.243 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $32.232 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $35.243 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $32.232 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Exchange rates
Currency: euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024: 0.924 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 0.95 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 0.876 (2020 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Exchange rates 2024: 0.924 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 0.95 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 0.876 (2020 est.)
Trade
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: $6.708 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: $1.624 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$5.356 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Current account balance 2023: $1.624 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$5.356 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2024: $144.237 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $137.934 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $126.953 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Exports 2023: $137.934 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $126.953 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
Spain 21%, France 11%, Germany 10%, USA 8%, UK 5% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
cars, garments, vehicle parts/accessories, unpackaged medicine, refined petroleum (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2024: $136.976 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $133.617 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $132.193 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Imports 2023: $133.617 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $132.193 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
Spain 33%, Germany 11%, France 7%, Netherlands 5%, China 5% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
cars, crude petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories, refined petroleum, garments (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Energy & Resources
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 25.409 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 50.317 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 3.422 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 13.656 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 5.129 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 50.317 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 3.422 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 13.656 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 5.129 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 25.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 12.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 29% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 24.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
geothermal: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 7.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023solar: 12.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 29% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 24.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
geothermal: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 7.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Coal
consumption: 7,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 1 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 6,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 3 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023exports: 1 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 6,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 3 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
total petroleum production: 8,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 204,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023refined petroleum consumption: 204,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)
Natural gas
consumption: 4.325 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 4.251 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023imports: 4.251 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 73.285 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Infrastructure
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 5.505 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 53 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 53 (2023 est.)
Health
Maternal mortality ratio
15 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 10.6% of GDP (2022)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 14.8% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 14.8% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
5.85 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Reference: 2022Hospital bed density
3.5 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020Obesity - adult prevalence rate
20.8% (2016)
Reference: 2016Tobacco use
total: 20.7% (2025 est.)
male: 26.1% (2025 est.)
female: 15.9% (2025 est.)
male: 26.1% (2025 est.)
female: 15.9% (2025 est.)
Education
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 18 years (2022 est.)
male: 17 years (2022 est.)
female: 18 years (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022male: 17 years (2022 est.)
female: 18 years (2022 est.)
Rights, Freedoms & Society
Press & Media Freedom
V-Dem expert-coded/modelled source measures. Knelstrom does not create a press-freedom ranking or composite score.
LGBTQ+ Rights & Law
Concrete legal-status fields only; Knelstrom does not generate an LGBTQ rights score or country ranking.
Source: Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory (CC BY-SA 4.0). Community-edited legal-status summary; retrieved by Knelstrom and not legal advice.
Crime & Justice
Legal system
civil law system; Constitutional Court reviews legislative acts
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica (consists of 12 justices); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional (consists of 13 judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court justices nominated by the president and appointed by the Assembly of the Republic; judges can serve for life; Constitutional Court judges - 10 elected by the Assembly and 3 elected by the other Constitutional Court judges; judges elected for 6-year nonrenewable terms
subordinate courts: Supreme Administrative Court (Supremo Tribunal Administrativo); Audit Court (Tribunal de Contas); appellate, district, and municipal courts
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court justices nominated by the president and appointed by the Assembly of the Republic; judges can serve for life; Constitutional Court judges - 10 elected by the Assembly and 3 elected by the other Constitutional Court judges; judges elected for 6-year nonrenewable terms
subordinate courts: Supreme Administrative Court (Supremo Tribunal Administrativo); Audit Court (Tribunal de Contas); appellate, district, and municipal courts
Military & Security
Military and security forces
Portuguese Armed Forces (Forças Armadas Portuguesa): Portuguese Army (Exercito Portuguesa), Portuguese Navy (Marinha Portuguesa; includes Marine Corps, aka Corpo de Fuzileiros or Corps of Fusiliers), Portuguese Air Force (Forca Aerea Portuguesa, FAP)
Ministry of Internal Administration: Public Security Police (Polícia de Segurança Pública, PSP) , National Republican Guard (Guarda Nacional Republicana, GNR) (2025)
note: note: the PSP has jurisdiction in cities while the GNR has jurisdiction in rural areas; the GNR is a national gendarmerie force comprised of military personnel with law enforcement, internal security, civil defense, disaster response, and coast guard duties; it is responsible to both the Ministry of Internal Administration and to the Ministry of National Defense; it is not part of the Armed Forces, but may be placed under its operational command in the event of a national emergency
Ministry of Internal Administration: Public Security Police (Polícia de Segurança Pública, PSP) , National Republican Guard (Guarda Nacional Republicana, GNR) (2025)
note: note: the PSP has jurisdiction in cities while the GNR has jurisdiction in rural areas; the GNR is a national gendarmerie force comprised of military personnel with law enforcement, internal security, civil defense, disaster response, and coast guard duties; it is responsible to both the Ministry of Internal Administration and to the Ministry of National Defense; it is not part of the Armed Forces, but may be placed under its operational command in the event of a national emergency
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2025: 2% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024: 1.6% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 1.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 1.5% of GDP (2021 est.)
Reference: 2025, 2024, 2023, 2022Military Expenditures 2024: 1.6% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 1.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 1.5% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 25,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military's inventory includes mostly European- and US-origin weapons systems along with a smaller mix of domestically produced equipment; in recent years, leading foreign suppliers have included Germany and the US; Portugal's defense industry is noted for its shipbuilding (2024)
note: note: in 2023, Portugal announced a modernization program that included the acquisition of land, naval, air, cyber security, and space capabilities, as well as emerging disruptive technologies
Reference: 2024, 2023note: note: in 2023, Portugal announced a modernization program that included the acquisition of land, naval, air, cyber security, and space capabilities, as well as emerging disruptive technologies
Military service age and obligation
18-30 years of age for voluntary or contract military service; no compulsory military service (abolished 2004) but conscription possible if insufficient volunteers available; women serve in the armed forces but are prohibited from serving in some combatant specialties; contract service lasts for an initial period of 2-6 years, and can be extended to a maximum of 20 years of service; initial voluntary military service lasts 12 months; reserve obligation to age 35 (2023)
note: note: as of 2023, women made up about 14% of the military's full-time personnel
Reference: 2023, 2004note: note: as of 2023, women made up about 14% of the military's full-time personnel
Military deployments
the Portuguese Armed Forces have more than 1,100 military personnel deployed around the world engaged in missions supporting the EU, NATO, the UN, and partner nations; key deployments include 225 troops in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA), approximately 200 in Lithuania (NATO), and approximately 150 in Romania (NATO); it also participates in NATO air policing and maritime patrolling operations (2024)
Reference: 2024Military - note
the Portuguese military is responsible for external defense, humanitarian operations, and fulfilling Portugal’s commitments to European and international security; maritime security has long been a key component of the military's portfolio, and Portugal has one of the world's oldest navies
Portugal was one of the original signers of the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949 establishing NATO, and the Alliance forms a key pillar of Portugal’s defense policy; Portugal is also a signatory of the EU’s Common Security and Defense Policy, and it regularly participates in a variety of EU and NATO, as well as UN deployments around the world; the military’s largest commitments include air, ground, and naval forces under NATO-led missions and standing task forces in the Baltics, Eastern Europe, and the Mediterranean Sea; the military also participates in exercises with NATO partners (2025)
Reference: 2025, 1949Portugal was one of the original signers of the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949 establishing NATO, and the Alliance forms a key pillar of Portugal’s defense policy; Portugal is also a signatory of the EU’s Common Security and Defense Policy, and it regularly participates in a variety of EU and NATO, as well as UN deployments around the world; the military’s largest commitments include air, ground, and naval forces under NATO-led missions and standing task forces in the Baltics, Eastern Europe, and the Mediterranean Sea; the military also participates in exercises with NATO partners (2025)
International Relations
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Francisco Antonio DUARTE LOPES (since 7 June 2022)
chancery: 2012 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 350-5400
FAX: [1] (202) 462-3726
email address and website: info.washington@mne.pt
https://washingtondc.embaixadaportugal.mne.gov.pt/en/
consulate(s) general: Boston, Newark (NJ), New York, San Francisco
consulate(s): New Bedford (MA), Providence (RI)
Reference: 2022, 2012chancery: 2012 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 350-5400
FAX: [1] (202) 462-3726
email address and website: info.washington@mne.pt
https://washingtondc.embaixadaportugal.mne.gov.pt/en/
consulate(s) general: Boston, Newark (NJ), New York, San Francisco
consulate(s): New Bedford (MA), Providence (RI)
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador John Joseph ARRIGO (since 30 September 2025)
embassy: Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600-081 Lisboa
mailing address: 5320 Lisbon Place, Washington DC 20521-5320
telephone: [351] (21) 727-3300
FAX: [351] (21) 726-9109
email address and website: conslisbon@state.gov
https://pt.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s): Ponta Delgada (Azores)
embassy: Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600-081 Lisboa
mailing address: 5320 Lisbon Place, Washington DC 20521-5320
telephone: [351] (21) 727-3300
FAX: [351] (21) 726-9109
email address and website: conslisbon@state.gov
https://pt.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s): Ponta Delgada (Azores)
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CERN, CPLP, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Treaties & Organisations
| Organisation | Status | Joined |
|---|---|---|
| Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) | member | 1973-06-25 |
| European Union (EU) | member | 1986-01-01 |
| NATO (NATO) | member | 1949-04-04 |
| OECD (OECD) | member | 1961-08-04 |
| United Nations (UN) | member | 1955-12-14 |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | member | — |
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CERN, CPLP, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Conflict & Security
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 71,166 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 21 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 31 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024IDPs: 21 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 31 (2024 est.)
Terrorist group(s)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
note: note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
note: note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
Transportation & Logistics
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
CR, CS
Airports
128 (2025)
Heliports
65 (2025)
Railways
total: 2,526 km (2020) 1,696 km electrified
Reference: 2020Merchant marine
total: 888 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 110, container ship 299, general cargo 191, oil tanker 29, other 259
Reference: 2023by type: bulk carrier 110, container ship 299, general cargo 191, oil tanker 29, other 259
Ports
total ports: 18 (2024)
large: 3
medium: 2
small: 4
very small: 9
ports with oil terminals: 5
key ports: Aveiro, Funchal, Lagos, Lisboa, Sines
Reference: 2024large: 3
medium: 2
small: 4
very small: 9
ports with oil terminals: 5
key ports: Aveiro, Funchal, Lagos, Lisboa, Sines
Environment
Environmental issues
soil erosion; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution, especially in urban centers and coastal areas
International environmental agreements
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban
Reference: 2006signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban
Climate
maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south
Land use
agricultural land: 43.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 10.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 9.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 23.6% (2023 est.)
forest: 36.6% (2023 est.)
other: 5.7% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 10.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 9.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 23.6% (2023 est.)
forest: 36.6% (2023 est.)
other: 5.7% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 67.9% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.44% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2020rate of urbanization: 0.44% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions: 38.272 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 20,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 29.525 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 8.727 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023from coal and metallurgical coke: 20,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 29.525 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 8.727 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
7.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 5.268 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 23.5% (2022 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 23.5% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 920.03 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial: 1.83 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 3.419 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022industrial: 1.83 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 3.419 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total renewable water resources
77.4 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022Geoparks
total global geoparks and regional networks: 6 (2024)
global geoparks and regional networks: Açores; Arouca; Estrela; Naturtejo da Meseta Meridional; Oeste; Terras de Cavaleiros (2024)
Reference: 2024global geoparks and regional networks: Açores; Arouca; Estrela; Naturtejo da Meseta Meridional; Oeste; Terras de Cavaleiros (2024)
Communications & Media
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 5.505 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 53 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 53 (2023 est.)
Broadcast media
Radio e Televisao de Portugal, the publicly owned TV broadcaster, operates 4 domestic channels and external service channels to Africa; roughly 40 domestic TV stations; widespread access to international broadcasters, with more than half of households connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV systems; publicly owned radio operates 3 national networks and provides regional and external services; several privately owned national radio stations and about 300 regional and local commercial radio stations
Internet country code
.pt
Historical Trends
Population
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Population data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 10,325,452 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 10,300,300 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 10,283,822 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 10,286,263 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 10,297,081 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 10,361,831 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 10,434,332 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 10,578,174 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 10,694,681 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 10,804,871 | world_bank_wdi |
GDP (current US$)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View GDP (current US$) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | $206,305,431,242 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | $220,862,990,767 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | $242,092,894,543 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | $240,115,970,063 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | $229,618,773,423 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | $256,055,879,091 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | $256,898,677,175 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | $292,323,800,949 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | $313,656,884,871 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | $346,639,825,142 | world_bank_wdi |
International migrant stock (immigrants)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International migrant stock (immigrants) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 1,001,963 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 1,127,184 | world_bank_wdi |
International emigrant stock
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International emigrant stock data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 1,589,830 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 1995 | 1,540,545 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2000 | 1,554,095 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2005 | 1,622,764 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2010 | 1,727,839 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2015 | 1,801,647 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2020 | 1,729,500 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2024 | 1,799,179 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
Net migration
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Net migration data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | -775 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 13,979 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 22,495 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 63,031 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 54,076 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 69,606 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 68,696 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 29,102 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 20,648 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 16,472 | world_bank_wdi |
Sources & Methodology
Current statistical observations include their reference period and provenance. Reference fields from approved source datasets are attributed below. Missing information is left unknown rather than inferred.
| Indicator | Value | Period | Source | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 10,804,871 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| UN Population Division population estimate | 10,395,363 | 2026 | UN Population Division Data Portal | Estimated |
| Wikidata population (fallback) | 10,347,892 | 2021 | Wikidata | Reported |
| International migrant stock (immigrants) | 1,127,184 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International migrant stock | 10.8% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International emigrant stock | 1,799,179 | 2024 | UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2024 | Estimated |
| Net migration | 16,472 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Refugees from this country | 109 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Asylum seekers from this country | 380 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Freedom of expression & alternative information index | 0.899 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Government censorship effort — media | 3.187 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Harassment of journalists | 1.876 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Print/broadcast media critical of government | 2.201 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Range of perspectives in major media | 1.879 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media bias | 1.233 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media self-censorship | 1.858 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Same-sex sexual activity | Yes Legal since 1 January 1983; + UN decl. sign. | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Recognition of same-sex relationships | Yes De facto union since 2001 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex marriage | Yes Legal since 2010 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex adoption | Yes Legal since 2016 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Open military service | Yes Portugal responsible for defence | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law | Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination. | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Gender identity / expression law | Yes Since 2011, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| GDP (current US$) | $346,639,825,142 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP per capita (current US$) | $32,082 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP growth | 1.9% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Inflation, consumer prices | 2.3% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Unemployment | 6.2% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Income level | High income | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Life expectancy at birth | 82.4 years | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fertility rate | 1.4 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Urban population | 61.5% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Individuals using the Internet | 88.5% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Exports of goods and services | 43.7% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Imports of goods and services | 42.7% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Trade | 86.4% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Adult literacy rate | 94.5% | 2011 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secondary school enrolment, gross | 120.3% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Government education expenditure | 4.6% | 2022 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Access to electricity | 100.0% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Electric power consumption | 5,294 kWh/person | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Renewable energy consumption | 32.3% | 2021 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Current health expenditure | 10.2% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Infant mortality rate | 2.7 per 1,000 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Forest area | 36.2% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Mobile cellular subscriptions | 124.1 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fixed broadband subscriptions | 45.2 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secure Internet servers | 28,710 per million | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude | 38.7072° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Longitude | -9.1355° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude (Wikidata) | 38.7000° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Longitude (Wikidata) | -9.1833° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Time zone | UTC±00:00 | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Form of government | republic | current | Wikidata | Reported |
Data attribution
Credits below are generated from sources actually used by this country profile. Source-specific terms take precedence.
- CIA World Factbook, final 2025 country profile (structured via factbook.json). Accessed September 20, 2026. U.S. Government public-domain data; retained as a reference source where a newer approved field is not available. Source · Terms/licence
- Source: Eurostat (dataset/datacode: demo_pjan) Accessed September 19, 2026. Knelstrom presentation/formatting may differ from the source. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, International Migrant Stock 2024; data access/processing via Our World in Data. Accessed September 20, 2026. Underlying UN dataset used under CC BY 3.0 IGO. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects (WPP indicator 49) Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 3.0 IGO; current-year WPP population values are presented as estimates/projections where applicable. Source · Terms/licence
- Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), Country-Year Dataset v16 (variables: v2mebias, v2mecenefm, v2mecrit, v2meharjrn, v2merange, v2meslfcen, v2x_freexp_altinf) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0; V-Dem measures are expert-coded/modelled and no V-Dem endorsement is implied. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikidata structured data (CC0). Accessed September 20, 2026. Attribution is provided by Knelstrom for provenance although CC0 does not require it. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikipedia, “LGBTQ rights by country or territory” (source revision/data fields: Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Gender identity / expression law, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Open military service, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Recognition of same-sex relationships, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex adoption, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex marriage, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex sexual activity, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0. Knelstrom changes formatting and presents the imported material as a community-edited legal-status summary, not legal advice or a Knelstrom rights score. Source · Terms/licence
- World Bank, World Development Indicators (series: AG.LND.FRST.ZS, country_metadata, EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS, EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS, EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC, FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG, IT.CEL.SETS.P2, IT.NET.BBND.P2, IT.NET.SECR.P6, IT.NET.USER.ZS, NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS, NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS, NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS, NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG, NY.GDP.PCAP.CD, SE.ADT.LITR.ZS, SE.SEC.ENRR, SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS, SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS, SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS, SM.POP.ASYS.EO, SM.POP.NETM, SM.POP.RHCR.EO, SM.POP.TOTL, SM.POP.TOTL.ZS, SP.DYN.IMRT.IN, SP.DYN.LE00.IN, SP.DYN.TFRT.IN, SP.POP.TOTL, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS) Accessed September 20, 2026. Data used under CC BY 4.0; Knelstrom presentation/formatting may differ from the source. Source · Terms/licence
Knelstrom does not imply endorsement by any listed data provider.
Last automated statistical refresh: 2026-09-20 02:10:30