Knelstrom Intelligence · World Factbook
Luxembourg
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
CapitalLuxembourg
Population686,970
GDP$101.2bn
Area2,593 km²
RegionEurope & Central Asia
Data sources current · last checked September 20, 2026 2:10 am
Country facts
Overview
Background
Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and a constituent part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands after the Congress of Vienna. When Belgium declared independence from the Netherlands in 1839, Luxembourg lost more than half of its territory to Belgium but gained a larger measure of autonomy within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Luxembourg gained full independence in 1867 by promising to remain permanently neutral. Overrun by Germany in both world wars, its neutrality ended in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the EEC (later the EU), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency zone.
Reference: 1999, 1957, 1948Geography
Location
Western Europe, between France and Germany
Map references
Europe
Area
total: 2,586 sq km
land: 2,586 sq km
water: 0 sq km
land: 2,586 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative
slightly smaller than Rhode Island; about half the size of Delaware
Land boundaries
total: 327 km
border countries: Belgium 130 km; France 69 km; Germany 128 km
border countries: Belgium 130 km; France 69 km; Germany 128 km
Coastline
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims
none (landlocked)
Climate
modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
Terrain
mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast
Elevation
highest point: Buurgplaatz 559 m
lowest point: Moselle River 133 m
mean elevation: 325 m
lowest point: Moselle River 133 m
mean elevation: 325 m
Natural resources
iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land
Land use
agricultural land: 51.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 23.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 27.1% (2023 est.)
forest: 34.5% (2023 est.)
other: 13.9% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 23.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 27.1% (2023 est.)
forest: 34.5% (2023 est.)
other: 13.9% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
0 sq km (2012)
Reference: 2012Major watersheds (area sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)
Population distribution
most people live in the south, on or near the border with France
Natural hazards
occasional flooding
Geography - note
landlocked
Population & Society
Nationality
noun: Luxembourger(s)
adjective: Luxembourg
adjective: Luxembourg
Ethnic groups
Luxembourger 52.9%, Portuguese 14.5%, French 7.6%, Italian 3.7%, Belgian 3%, German 2%, Spanish 1.3%, Romania 1%, other 14% (2022 est.)
note: note: data represent population by nationality
Reference: 2022note: note: data represent population by nationality
Languages
Luxembourgish (official administrative, judicial, and national language) 48.9%, Portuguese 15.4%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 14.9%, Italian 3.6%, English 3.6%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 2.9%, other 10.8% (2021 est.)
Reference: 2021Religions
Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic) 70.6%, Muslim 2.3%, other (includes Buddhist, folk religions, Hindu, Jewish) 0.4%, unaffiliated 26.7% (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020Age structure
0-14 years: 16.7% (male 57,921/female 54,484)
15-64 years: 67.1% (male 231,214/female 219,497)
65 years and over: 16.1% (2024 est.) (male 49,567/female 58,571)
Reference: 202415-64 years: 67.1% (male 231,214/female 219,497)
65 years and over: 16.1% (2024 est.) (male 49,567/female 58,571)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 46.6 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 23.2 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 23.4 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 4.3 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024youth dependency ratio: 23.2 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 23.4 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 4.3 (2024 est.)
Median age
total: 39.9 years (2024 est.)
male: 39.4 years
female: 40.4 years
Reference: 2024male: 39.4 years
female: 40.4 years
Population growth rate
1.52% (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Birth rate
11.6 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Death rate
7.1 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Population distribution
most people live in the south, on or near the border with France
Major urban areas - population
120,000 LUXEMBOURG (capital) (2018)
Reference: 2018Sex ratio
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Reference: 20240-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
31 years (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020Maternal mortality ratio
12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Gross reproduction rate
0.79 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Drinking water source
improved: urban: urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 5.5% of GDP (2022)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 11% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 11% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
2.98 physicians/1,000 population (2017)
Reference: 2017Hospital bed density
4.2 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Reference: 2021Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
22.6% (2016)
Reference: 2016Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 11 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 4.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 4.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019beer: 4.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 4.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use
total: 21% (2025 est.)
male: 22.1% (2025 est.)
female: 19.9% (2025 est.)
male: 22.1% (2025 est.)
female: 19.9% (2025 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
51.4% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 14 years (2022 est.)
male: 14 years (2022 est.)
female: 15 years (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022male: 14 years (2022 est.)
female: 15 years (2022 est.)
Migration & Displacement
Immigrant/emigrant stock measures the number of international migrants resident in, or originating from, the country; it is not the same as annual immigration/emigration flows.
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 14,344 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 85 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024stateless persons: 85 (2024 est.)
Government & Politics
| Office | Holder | Affiliation | From | Status | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Head of state | Guillaume V, Grand Duke of Luxembourg | — | 2025-10-03 | Current | Reported |
| Head of government | Luc Frieden | — | 2023-11-17 | Current | Reported |
Country name
conventional long form: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
conventional short form: Luxembourg
local long form: Grand Duché de Luxembourg
local short form: Luxembourg
etymology: probably derived from an early Celtic or Germanic form of the name, Lucilinburhuc, that was thought to mean "little fortress;" the name first referred to the city and was later used for the country
conventional short form: Luxembourg
local long form: Grand Duché de Luxembourg
local short form: Luxembourg
etymology: probably derived from an early Celtic or Germanic form of the name, Lucilinburhuc, that was thought to mean "little fortress;" the name first referred to the city and was later used for the country
Capital
name: Luxembourg
geographic coordinates: 49 36 N, 6 07 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: probably derived from an early Celtic or Germanic form of the name, Lucilinburhuc, that was thought to mean "little fortress;" the name first referred to the city and was later used for the country
geographic coordinates: 49 36 N, 6 07 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: probably derived from an early Celtic or Germanic form of the name, Lucilinburhuc, that was thought to mean "little fortress;" the name first referred to the city and was later used for the country
Administrative divisions
12 cantons; Capellen, Clervaux, Diekirch, Echternach, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg, Mersch, Redange, Remich, Vianden, Wiltz
Legal system
civil law system
Constitution
history: previous 1842 (heavily amended 1848, 1856); latest effective 17 October 1868
amendment process: proposed by the Chamber of Deputies or by the monarch to the Chamber; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Chamber in two successive readings three months apart; a referendum can be substituted for the second reading if approved by more than a quarter of the Chamber members or by 25,000 valid voters; adoption by referendum requires a majority of all valid voters
amendment process: proposed by the Chamber of Deputies or by the monarch to the Chamber; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Chamber in two successive readings three months apart; a referendum can be substituted for the second reading if approved by more than a quarter of the Chamber members or by 25,000 valid voters; adoption by referendum requires a majority of all valid voters
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: limited to situations where the parents are either unknown, stateless, or when the nationality law of the parents' state of origin does not permit acquisition of citizenship by descent when the birth occurs outside of national territory
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Luxembourg
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 7 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Luxembourg
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 7 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch
chief of state: Grand Duke GUILLAUME (since 3 October 2025)
head of government: Prime Minister Luc FRIEDEN (since 17 November 2023)
cabinet: Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister, appointed by the monarch
election/appointment process: the monarchy is hereditary; following elections to the Chamber of Deputies, monarch usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister; deputy prime minister also appointed by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies
Reference: 2025, 2023head of government: Prime Minister Luc FRIEDEN (since 17 November 2023)
cabinet: Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister, appointed by the monarch
election/appointment process: the monarchy is hereditary; following elections to the Chamber of Deputies, monarch usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister; deputy prime minister also appointed by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies
Legislative branch
legislature name: Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des députés)
legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 60 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 10/8/2023
parties elected and seats per party: Christian Social People's Party (CSV) (21); Democratic Party (PD/DP) (14); Socialist Workers' Party (POSL/LSAP) (11); Alternative Democratic Reform Party (ADR) (5); Greens (DEI GRÉNG) (4); Pirate Party (PIRATEN) (3); Other (2)
percentage of women in chamber: 35%
expected date of next election: October 2028
note: note: a 21-member Council of State is appointed by the Grand Duke on the advice of the prime minister and serves as an advisory body to the Chamber of Deputies
Reference: 2028, 2023legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 60 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 10/8/2023
parties elected and seats per party: Christian Social People's Party (CSV) (21); Democratic Party (PD/DP) (14); Socialist Workers' Party (POSL/LSAP) (11); Alternative Democratic Reform Party (ADR) (5); Greens (DEI GRÉNG) (4); Pirate Party (PIRATEN) (3); Other (2)
percentage of women in chamber: 35%
expected date of next election: October 2028
note: note: a 21-member Council of State is appointed by the Grand Duke on the advice of the prime minister and serves as an advisory body to the Chamber of Deputies
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice includes Court of Appeal and Court of Cassation (consists of 27 judges on 9 benches); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)
judge selection and term of office: judges of both courts appointed by the monarch for life
subordinate courts: Court of Accounts; district and local tribunals and courts
judge selection and term of office: judges of both courts appointed by the monarch for life
subordinate courts: Court of Accounts; district and local tribunals and courts
Political parties
Alternative Democratic Reform Party or ADR
Christian Social People's Party or CSV
Democratic Party or DP
Green Party
Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP
Pirate Party
The Left (dei Lenk/la Gauche)
Christian Social People's Party or CSV
Democratic Party or DP
Green Party
Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP
Pirate Party
The Left (dei Lenk/la Gauche)
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Nicole BINTNER-BAKSHIAN (since 15 August 2021)
chancery: 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 265-4171
FAX: [1] (202) 328-8270
email address and website: washington.amb@mae.etat.lu
https://washington.mae.lu/en.html
consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco
Reference: 2021chancery: 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 265-4171
FAX: [1] (202) 328-8270
email address and website: washington.amb@mae.etat.lu
https://washington.mae.lu/en.html
consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Stacey FEINBERG (since 13 November 2025)
embassy: 22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City
mailing address: 5380 Luxembourg Place, Washington DC 20521-5380
telephone: [352] 46-01-23-00
FAX: [352] 46-14-01
email address and website: Luxembourgconsular@state.gov
https://lu.usembassy.gov/
embassy: 22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City
mailing address: 5380 Luxembourg Place, Washington DC 20521-5380
telephone: [352] 46-01-23-00
FAX: [352] 46-14-01
email address and website: Luxembourgconsular@state.gov
https://lu.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Independence
1839 (from the Netherlands)
National holiday
National Day (birthday of Grand Duke HENRI), 23 June
note: note: this is not the true date of birth for any of the Royals, but the national festivities were shifted in 1962 to allow observance during a more favorable time of year
Reference: 1962note: note: this is not the true date of birth for any of the Royals, but the national festivities were shifted in 1962 to allow observance during a more favorable time of year
Flag
description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue
history: the colors are derived from the Grand Duke's coat of arms
note: note: similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which is shorter and uses a darker blue
history: the colors are derived from the Grand Duke's coat of arms
note: note: similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which is shorter and uses a darker blue
National symbol(s)
red rampant lion
National color(s)
red, white, light blue
National anthem(s)
title: “De Wilhelmus” (The William)
lyrics/music: Nikolaus WELTER
history: adopted 1919; royal anthem, for use when members of the grand ducal family enter or exit a ceremony in Luxembourg
Reference: 1919lyrics/music: Nikolaus WELTER
history: adopted 1919; royal anthem, for use when members of the grand ducal family enter or exit a ceremony in Luxembourg
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Luxembourg City Old Quarters and Fortifications
selected World Heritage Site locales: Luxembourg City Old Quarters and Fortifications
Government & Official Links
| Institution | Official website | X / Twitter | Verification |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luxembourg official website | Official website | — | Reported · source Checked September 20, 2026 |
Institutional accounts only; personal accounts of political office-holders are excluded.
Legislature & Elections
Legislature
| Name | Chamber | Seats | Electoral system |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chamber of Deputies | — | 60 | — |
Economy
Economic overview
high-income EU and eurozone economy; global, highly capitalized banking sector; one of highest GDP-per-capita countries; strengthened domestic demand and lower interest rates contributing to economic growth; challenges include pension-system sustainability, labor-market dynamics, and energy price volatility
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $86.871 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $85.984 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $86.584 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $85.984 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $86.584 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2024: $128,200 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $129,000 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $132,600 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP per capita 2023: $129,000 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $132,600 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 0.2% (2024 est.)
industry: 9% (2024 est.)
services: 81.9% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Reference: 2024industry: 9% (2024 est.)
services: 81.9% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption: 31.6% (2023 est.)
government consumption: 18.6% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 16.1% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: 1.3% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 217.8% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -186.7% (2023 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Reference: 2023government consumption: 18.6% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 16.1% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: 1.3% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 217.8% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -186.7% (2023 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
milk, wheat, barley, triticale, potatoes, pork, grapes, beef, rye, rapeseed (2023)
note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Reference: 2023note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
banking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology
Industrial production growth rate
-1.1% (2024 est.)
note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Reference: 2024note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Labor force
350,000 (2024 est.)
note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Reference: 2024note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 20.2% (2024 est.)
male: 16.9% (2024 est.)
female: 24.2% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Reference: 2024male: 16.9% (2024 est.)
female: 24.2% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Population below poverty line
17.3% (2021 est.)
note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Reference: 2021note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022: 34.1 (2022 est.)
note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Reference: 2022note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 2.9% (2022 est.)
highest 10%: 25.6% (2022 est.)
note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Reference: 2022highest 10%: 25.6% (2022 est.)
note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances
Remittances 2024: 2.6% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances 2023: 2.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 2.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Remittances 2023: 2.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 2.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget
revenues: $37.951 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures: $38.263 billion (2023 est.)
note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Reference: 2023expenditures: $38.263 billion (2023 est.)
note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Public debt
Public debt 2017: 23% of GDP (2017 est.)
note: note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Reference: 2017note: note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Taxes and other revenues
27.2% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Reference: 2023note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: $12.877 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: $9.861 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $7.509 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Current account balance 2023: $9.861 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $7.509 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2024: $202.203 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $195.294 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $184.53 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Exports 2023: $195.294 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $184.53 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
Germany 18%, France 15%, Belgium 8%, Netherlands 7%, Italy 6% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
iron blocks, gas turbines, plastic products, rubber tires, plastics (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2024: $160.032 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $156.818 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $149.751 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Imports 2023: $156.818 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $149.751 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
Belgium 26%, Germany 23%, France 10%, Netherlands 5%, USA 4% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
cars, refined petroleum, electricity, plastic products, gas turbines (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $2.789 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $2.977 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $2.874 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $2.977 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $2.874 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Exchange rates
Currency: euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024: 0.924 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 0.95 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 0.876 (2020 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Exchange rates 2024: 0.924 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 0.95 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 0.876 (2020 est.)
Trade
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: $12.877 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: $9.861 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $7.509 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Current account balance 2023: $9.861 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $7.509 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2024: $202.203 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $195.294 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $184.53 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Exports 2023: $195.294 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $184.53 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
Germany 18%, France 15%, Belgium 8%, Netherlands 7%, Italy 6% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
iron blocks, gas turbines, plastic products, rubber tires, plastics (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2024: $160.032 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $156.818 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $149.751 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Imports 2023: $156.818 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $149.751 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
Belgium 26%, Germany 23%, France 10%, Netherlands 5%, USA 4% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
cars, refined petroleum, electricity, plastic products, gas turbines (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Energy & Resources
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 2.212 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 5.87 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 1.188 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 6.39 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 141.867 million kWh (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 5.87 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 1.188 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 6.39 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 141.867 million kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 10.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 37.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 55.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: -35.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) note: Luxembourg has negative net hydroelectric power generation based on losses from use of pumped storage hydropower
biomass and waste: 32.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023solar: 37.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 55.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: -35.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) note: Luxembourg has negative net hydroelectric power generation based on losses from use of pumped storage hydropower
biomass and waste: 32.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Coal
consumption: 34,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 30.2 metric tons (2022 est.)
imports: 34,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2022exports: 30.2 metric tons (2022 est.)
imports: 34,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
refined petroleum consumption: 51,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Natural gas
consumption: 556.63 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 552.714 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023imports: 552.714 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 224.651 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Infrastructure
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 260,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 40 (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 40 (2022 est.)
Health
Maternal mortality ratio
12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 5.5% of GDP (2022)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 11% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 11% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
2.98 physicians/1,000 population (2017)
Reference: 2017Hospital bed density
4.2 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Reference: 2021Obesity - adult prevalence rate
22.6% (2016)
Reference: 2016Tobacco use
total: 21% (2025 est.)
male: 22.1% (2025 est.)
female: 19.9% (2025 est.)
male: 22.1% (2025 est.)
female: 19.9% (2025 est.)
Education
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 14 years (2022 est.)
male: 14 years (2022 est.)
female: 15 years (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022male: 14 years (2022 est.)
female: 15 years (2022 est.)
Rights, Freedoms & Society
Press & Media Freedom
V-Dem expert-coded/modelled source measures. Knelstrom does not create a press-freedom ranking or composite score.
LGBTQ+ Rights & Law
Concrete legal-status fields only; Knelstrom does not generate an LGBTQ rights score or country ranking.
Source: Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory (CC BY-SA 4.0). Community-edited legal-status summary; retrieved by Knelstrom and not legal advice.
Crime & Justice
Legal system
civil law system
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice includes Court of Appeal and Court of Cassation (consists of 27 judges on 9 benches); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)
judge selection and term of office: judges of both courts appointed by the monarch for life
subordinate courts: Court of Accounts; district and local tribunals and courts
judge selection and term of office: judges of both courts appointed by the monarch for life
subordinate courts: Court of Accounts; district and local tribunals and courts
Military & Security
Military and security forces
Luxembourg Army (l'Armée Luxembourgeoise) (2025)
note: note: the Grand Ducal Police maintain internal security and report to the Ministry of Internal Security
note: note: the Grand Ducal Police maintain internal security and report to the Ministry of Internal Security
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2025: 2% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024: 1.2% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 1.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 0.6% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 0.5% of GDP (2021 est.)
Reference: 2025, 2024, 2023, 2022Military Expenditures 2024: 1.2% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 1.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 0.6% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 0.5% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 900 active military personnel (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the inventory of Luxembourg's Army is a small mix of Western origin equipment (2024)
Reference: 2024Military service age and obligation
18-26 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (abolished 1969) (2025)
note: note 1: since 2003, the Army has allowed EU citizens 18-24 years of age who have been a resident in the country for at least 36 months to volunteer
note 2: 2024, women made up about 12% of the military's full-time personnel
Reference: 2025, 2024, 2003, 1969note: note 1: since 2003, the Army has allowed EU citizens 18-24 years of age who have been a resident in the country for at least 36 months to volunteer
note 2: 2024, women made up about 12% of the military's full-time personnel
Military - note
founded in 1881, the Luxembourg Army is responsible for the defense of the country and fulfilling the Grand Duchy’s commitments to NATO, European security, and international peacekeeping, as well as providing support to civil authorities in the event of emergencies, such as floods or disease outbreaks; the Army is an active participant in EU, NATO, and UN missions and has contributed small numbers of troops to a number of multinational operations in parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia; it trains and exercises regularly with EU and NATO partners and has contributed to the NATO battlegroup forward deployed in Lithuania since 2017; Luxembourg was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) establishing NATO in 1949
in 2015, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg signed an agreement to conduct joint air policing of their territories; under the agreement, which went into effect in January 2017, the Belgian and Dutch Air Forces trade responsibility for patrolling the skies over the three countries (2025)
Reference: 2025, 2017, 2015, 1949in 2015, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg signed an agreement to conduct joint air policing of their territories; under the agreement, which went into effect in January 2017, the Belgian and Dutch Air Forces trade responsibility for patrolling the skies over the three countries (2025)
International Relations
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Nicole BINTNER-BAKSHIAN (since 15 August 2021)
chancery: 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 265-4171
FAX: [1] (202) 328-8270
email address and website: washington.amb@mae.etat.lu
https://washington.mae.lu/en.html
consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco
Reference: 2021chancery: 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 265-4171
FAX: [1] (202) 328-8270
email address and website: washington.amb@mae.etat.lu
https://washington.mae.lu/en.html
consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Stacey FEINBERG (since 13 November 2025)
embassy: 22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City
mailing address: 5380 Luxembourg Place, Washington DC 20521-5380
telephone: [352] 46-01-23-00
FAX: [352] 46-14-01
email address and website: Luxembourgconsular@state.gov
https://lu.usembassy.gov/
embassy: 22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City
mailing address: 5380 Luxembourg Place, Washington DC 20521-5380
telephone: [352] 46-01-23-00
FAX: [352] 46-14-01
email address and website: Luxembourgconsular@state.gov
https://lu.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Treaties & Organisations
| Organisation | Status | Joined |
|---|---|---|
| Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) | member | 1973-06-25 |
| European Union (EU) | member | 1957-03-25 |
| NATO (NATO) | member | 1949-04-04 |
| OECD (OECD) | member | — |
| United Nations (UN) | member | 1945-10-24 |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | member | 1995-01-01 |
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Conflict & Security
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 14,344 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 85 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024stateless persons: 85 (2024 est.)
Transportation & Logistics
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
LX
Airports
3 (2025)
Heliports
11 (2025)
Railways
total: 271 km (2020) 262 km electrified
Reference: 2020Merchant marine
total: 147 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 3, container ship 1, general cargo 24, oil tanker 4, other 115
Reference: 2023by type: bulk carrier 3, container ship 1, general cargo 24, oil tanker 4, other 115
Environment
Environmental issues
air and water pollution in urban areas; soil pollution of farmland
International environmental agreements
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
Reference: 2006signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
Climate
modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
Land use
agricultural land: 51.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 23.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 27.1% (2023 est.)
forest: 34.5% (2023 est.)
other: 13.9% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 23.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 27.1% (2023 est.)
forest: 34.5% (2023 est.)
other: 13.9% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 92.1% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2020rate of urbanization: 1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions: 8.715 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 75,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 7.496 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 1.144 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023from coal and metallurgical coke: 75,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 7.496 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 1.144 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
9.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 490,300 tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 42% (2022 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 42% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 43.53 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial: 1.83 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 490,000 cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022industrial: 1.83 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 490,000 cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total renewable water resources
3.5 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022Geoparks
total global geoparks and regional networks: 1
global geoparks and regional networks: Mëllerdall (2023)
Reference: 2023global geoparks and regional networks: Mëllerdall (2023)
Communications & Media
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 260,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 40 (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 40 (2022 est.)
Broadcast media
long national tradition of operating radio and TV services for pan-European audiences; home to Europe's largest privately owned broadcast media group, the RTL Group, which operates 46 TV stations and 29 radio stations in Europe; also home to Europe's largest satellite operator, Société Européenne des Satellites (SES); domestically, the RTL Group operates TV and radio networks; other domestic private radio and TV operators and French and German stations available; satellite and cable TV services available
Internet country code
.lu
Historical Trends
Population
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Population data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 582,014 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 596,336 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 607,950 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 620,001 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 630,419 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 640,064 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 653,103 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 666,430 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 677,012 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 686,970 | world_bank_wdi |
GDP (current US$)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View GDP (current US$) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | $62,216,885,436 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | $65,712,180,343 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | $71,085,623,495 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | $69,872,035,114 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | $73,670,782,100 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | $86,386,759,695 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | $80,801,680,397 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | $88,788,881,539 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | $93,279,851,863 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | $101,157,829,491 | world_bank_wdi |
International migrant stock (immigrants)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International migrant stock (immigrants) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 298,062 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 344,309 | world_bank_wdi |
International emigrant stock
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International emigrant stock data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 27,725 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 1995 | 29,087 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2000 | 30,943 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2005 | 33,941 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2010 | 36,675 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2015 | 41,099 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2020 | 43,235 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2024 | 61,859 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
Net migration
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Net migration data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 12,760 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 9,643 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 10,145 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 10,503 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 6,967 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 8,724 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 13,194 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 5,905 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 5,677 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 5,237 | world_bank_wdi |
Sources & Methodology
Current statistical observations include their reference period and provenance. Reference fields from approved source datasets are attributed below. Missing information is left unknown rather than inferred.
| Indicator | Value | Period | Source | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 686,970 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| UN Population Division population estimate | 687,449 | 2026 | UN Population Division Data Portal | Estimated |
| Wikidata population (fallback) | 690,959 | 2026 | Wikidata | Reported |
| International migrant stock (immigrants) | 344,309 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International migrant stock | 51.2% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International emigrant stock | 61,859 | 2024 | UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2024 | Estimated |
| Net migration | 5,237 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Refugees hosted | 10,284 | 2025 | UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics | Verified |
| Asylum seekers hosted | 3,050 | 2025 | UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics | Verified |
| Refugees from this country | 20 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Asylum seekers from this country | 0 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Freedom of expression & alternative information index | 0.957 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Government censorship effort — media | 3.043 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Harassment of journalists | 2.020 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Print/broadcast media critical of government | 2.424 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Range of perspectives in major media | 2.392 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media bias | 2.574 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media self-censorship | 2.019 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Same-sex sexual activity | Yes Legal since 1795; equal age of consent since 1992; + UN decl. sign. | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Recognition of same-sex relationships | Yes Registered partnerships since 2004 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex marriage | Yes Legal since 2015 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex adoption | Yes Legal since 2015 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Open military service | Yes | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law | Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Gender identity / expression law | Yes No divorce, sterilization and/or surgery legally required since September 2018 for change of gender | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| GDP (current US$) | $101,157,829,491 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP per capita (current US$) | $147,252 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP growth | 0.6% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Inflation, consumer prices | 2.3% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Unemployment | 6.3% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Income level | High income | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Life expectancy at birth | 83.2 years | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fertility rate | 1.3 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Urban population | 94.9% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Individuals using the Internet | 99.1% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Exports of goods and services | 190.5% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Imports of goods and services | 159.4% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Trade | 349.9% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secondary school enrolment, gross | 108.6% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Government education expenditure | 3.7% | 2022 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Access to electricity | 100.0% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Electric power consumption | 11,662 kWh/person | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Renewable energy consumption | 20.5% | 2021 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Current health expenditure | 5.9% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Infant mortality rate | 1.9 per 1,000 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Forest area | 34.5% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Mobile cellular subscriptions | 144.5 per 100 | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fixed broadband subscriptions | 40.3 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secure Internet servers | 58,438 per million | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude | 49.6100° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Longitude | 6.1296° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude (Wikidata) | 49.7700° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Longitude (Wikidata) | 6.1300° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Form of government | constitutional monarchy | current | Wikidata | Reported |
Data attribution
Credits below are generated from sources actually used by this country profile. Source-specific terms take precedence.
- CIA World Factbook, final 2025 country profile (structured via factbook.json). Accessed September 20, 2026. U.S. Government public-domain data; retained as a reference source where a newer approved field is not available. Source · Terms/licence
- Source: Eurostat (dataset/datacode: demo_pjan) Accessed September 19, 2026. Knelstrom presentation/formatting may differ from the source. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, International Migrant Stock 2024; data access/processing via Our World in Data. Accessed September 20, 2026. Underlying UN dataset used under CC BY 3.0 IGO. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects (WPP indicator 49) Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 3.0 IGO; current-year WPP population values are presented as estimates/projections where applicable. Source · Terms/licence
- UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics Database. Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 4.0 except where a dataset identifies a different source or licence. Source · Terms/licence
- Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), Country-Year Dataset v16 (variables: v2mebias, v2mecenefm, v2mecrit, v2meharjrn, v2merange, v2meslfcen, v2x_freexp_altinf) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0; V-Dem measures are expert-coded/modelled and no V-Dem endorsement is implied. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikidata structured data (CC0). Accessed September 20, 2026. Attribution is provided by Knelstrom for provenance although CC0 does not require it. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikipedia, “LGBTQ rights by country or territory” (source revision/data fields: Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Gender identity / expression law, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Open military service, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Recognition of same-sex relationships, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex adoption, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex marriage, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex sexual activity, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0. Knelstrom changes formatting and presents the imported material as a community-edited legal-status summary, not legal advice or a Knelstrom rights score. Source · Terms/licence
- World Bank, World Development Indicators (series: AG.LND.FRST.ZS, country_metadata, EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS, EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS, EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC, FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG, IT.CEL.SETS.P2, IT.NET.BBND.P2, IT.NET.SECR.P6, IT.NET.USER.ZS, NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS, NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS, NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS, NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG, NY.GDP.PCAP.CD, SE.SEC.ENRR, SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS, SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS, SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS, SM.POP.ASYS.EO, SM.POP.NETM, SM.POP.RHCR.EO, SM.POP.TOTL, SM.POP.TOTL.ZS, SP.DYN.IMRT.IN, SP.DYN.LE00.IN, SP.DYN.TFRT.IN, SP.POP.TOTL, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS) Accessed September 20, 2026. Data used under CC BY 4.0; Knelstrom presentation/formatting may differ from the source. Source · Terms/licence
Knelstrom does not imply endorsement by any listed data provider.
Last automated statistical refresh: 2026-09-20 02:05:18