Knelstrom Intelligence · World Factbook
Italy
Repubblica Italiana
CapitalRome
Population58,915,656
GDP$2.55tn
Area302,068 km²
RegionEurope & Central Asia
Data sources current · last checked September 20, 2026 2:10 am
Country facts
Overview
Background
Italy became a nation-state in 1861 when the regional states of the peninsula, along with Sardinia and Sicily, were united under King Victor EMMANUEL II. An era of parliamentary government came to a close in the early 1920s when Benito MUSSOLINI established a Fascist dictatorship. His alliance with Nazi Germany led to Italy's defeat in World War II. A democratic republic replaced the monarchy in 1946, and economic revival followed. Italy is a charter member of NATO, as well as the European Economic Community (EEC) and its successors, the EC and the EU. It has been at the forefront of European economic and political unification, joining the Economic and Monetary Union in 1999. Persistent problems include sluggish economic growth, high youth and female unemployment, organized crime, corruption, and economic disparities between southern Italy and the more prosperous north.
Reference: 1999, 1946Geography
Location
Southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia
Map references
Europe
Area
total: 301,340 sq km
land: 294,140 sq km
water: 7,200 sq km
note: note: includes Sardinia and Sicily
land: 294,140 sq km
water: 7,200 sq km
note: note: includes Sardinia and Sicily
Area - comparative
almost twice the size of Georgia; slightly larger than Arizona
Land boundaries
total: 1,836.4 km
border countries: Austria 404 km; France 476 km; Holy See (Vatican City) 3.4 km; San Marino 37 km; Slovenia 218 km; Switzerland 698 km
border countries: Austria 404 km; France 476 km; Holy See (Vatican City) 3.4 km; San Marino 37 km; Slovenia 218 km; Switzerland 698 km
Coastline
7,600 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate
predominantly Mediterranean; alpine in far north; hot, dry in south
Terrain
mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands
Elevation
highest point: Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco) de Courmayeur (a secondary peak of Mont Blanc) 4,748 m
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
mean elevation: 538 m
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
mean elevation: 538 m
Natural resources
coal, antimony, mercury, zinc, potash, marble, barite, asbestos, pumice, fluorspar, feldspar, pyrite (sulfur), natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, arable land
Land use
agricultural land: 44.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 24% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 8.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 12.2% (2023 est.)
forest: 31.8% (2023 est.)
other: 24% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 24% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 8.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 12.2% (2023 est.)
forest: 31.8% (2023 est.)
other: 24% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
24,460 sq km (2021)
Reference: 2021Major watersheds (area sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km), (Adriatic Sea) Po (76,997 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Rhone (100,543 sq km)
Population distribution
a fairly even population distribution exists throughout most of the country, with coastal areas, the Po River Valley, and urban centers (particularly Milan, Rome, and Naples) attracting larger and denser populations
Natural hazards
regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence in Venice
volcanism: significant volcanic activity; Etna (3,330 m) is Europe's most active volcano, and its flank eruptions pose a threat to nearby Sicilian villages; Etna, along with the famous Vesuvius, have both been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Stromboli, on its namesake island, has also been continuously active with moderate volcanic activity; other historically active volcanoes include Campi Flegrei, Ischia, Larderello, Pantelleria, Vulcano, and Vulsini
volcanism: significant volcanic activity; Etna (3,330 m) is Europe's most active volcano, and its flank eruptions pose a threat to nearby Sicilian villages; Etna, along with the famous Vesuvius, have both been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Stromboli, on its namesake island, has also been continuously active with moderate volcanic activity; other historically active volcanoes include Campi Flegrei, Ischia, Larderello, Pantelleria, Vulcano, and Vulsini
Geography - note
strategic location dominating central Mediterranean, as well as southern sea and air approaches to Western Europe
Population & Society
Nationality
noun: Italian(s)
adjective: Italian
adjective: Italian
Ethnic groups
Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north, Albanian-Italians, Croat-Italians, and Greek-Italians in the south)
Languages
Languages: Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German-speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area), Croatian (in Molise)
major-language sample(s): L'Almanacco dei fatti del mondo, l'indispensabile fonte per le informazioni di base. (Italian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
major-language sample(s): L'Almanacco dei fatti del mondo, l'indispensabile fonte per le informazioni di base. (Italian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Christian 80.8% (overwhelmingly Roman Catholic with very small groups of Jehovah's Witnesses and Protestants), Muslim 4.9%, unaffiliated 13.4%, other 0.9% (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020Age structure
0-14 years: 11.9% (male 3,699,167/female 3,531,734)
15-64 years: 64.5% (male 19,378,160/female 19,958,137)
65 years and over: 23.6% (2024 est.) (male 6,336,738/female 8,060,995)
Reference: 202415-64 years: 64.5% (male 19,378,160/female 19,958,137)
65 years and over: 23.6% (2024 est.) (male 6,336,738/female 8,060,995)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 55 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 18.4 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 36.6 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 2.7 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024youth dependency ratio: 18.4 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 36.6 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 2.7 (2024 est.)
Median age
total: 48.4 years (2024 est.)
male: 47.4 years
female: 49.4 years
Reference: 2024male: 47.4 years
female: 49.4 years
Population growth rate
-0.08% (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Birth rate
7.1 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Death rate
11.2 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Population distribution
a fairly even population distribution exists throughout most of the country, with coastal areas, the Po River Valley, and urban centers (particularly Milan, Rome, and Naples) attracting larger and denser populations
Major urban areas - population
4.316 million ROME (capital), 3.155 million Milan, 2.179 million Naples, 1.802 million Turin, 913,000 Bergamo, 850,000 Palermo (2023)
Reference: 2023Sex ratio
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Reference: 20240-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
31.4 years (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020Maternal mortality ratio
6 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Gross reproduction rate
0.61 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Drinking water source
improved: total: total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022unimproved: total: total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 9% of GDP (2022)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 11.8% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 11.8% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
4.19 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Reference: 2022Hospital bed density
3.2 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
19.9% (2016)
Reference: 2016Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 7.65 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 1.99 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 4.83 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 0.83 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019beer: 1.99 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 4.83 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 0.83 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use
total: 19.8% (2025 est.)
male: 23.2% (2025 est.)
female: 16.6% (2025 est.)
male: 23.2% (2025 est.)
female: 16.6% (2025 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
52.5% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 17 years (2023 est.)
male: 16 years (2023 est.)
female: 17 years (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023male: 16 years (2023 est.)
female: 17 years (2023 est.)
Migration & Displacement
Immigrant/emigrant stock measures the number of international migrants resident in, or originating from, the country; it is not the same as annual immigration/emigration flows.
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 520,127 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 3,000 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024stateless persons: 3,000 (2024 est.)
Government & Politics
| Office | Holder | Affiliation | From | Status | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Head of government | Giorgia Meloni | — | 2022-10-22 | Current | Reported |
| Head of state | Sergio Mattarella | — | 2015-02-03 | Current | Reported |
Country name
conventional long form: Italian Republic
conventional short form: Italy
local long form: Repubblica Italiana
local short form: Italia
former: Kingdom of Italy
etymology: derivation is unclear; traditionally said to come from the Vitali, a tribe that settled in what is now Calabria, and whose name is believed to be linked to the Latin word vitulus, or "calf;" alternatively, the name may derive from a local ruler known to the Romans as Italus
conventional short form: Italy
local long form: Repubblica Italiana
local short form: Italia
former: Kingdom of Italy
etymology: derivation is unclear; traditionally said to come from the Vitali, a tribe that settled in what is now Calabria, and whose name is believed to be linked to the Latin word vitulus, or "calf;" alternatively, the name may derive from a local ruler known to the Romans as Italus
Capital
name: Rome
geographic coordinates: 41 54 N, 12 29 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: by tradition, named after Romulus, one of the legendary founders of the city, but the name Romulus may instead derive from the city's name; the name Rome may come from an Etruscan name for the Tiber River, which was Roma or Ruma
geographic coordinates: 41 54 N, 12 29 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: by tradition, named after Romulus, one of the legendary founders of the city, but the name Romulus may instead derive from the city's name; the name Rome may come from an Etruscan name for the Tiber River, which was Roma or Ruma
Administrative divisions
15 regions (regioni, singular - regione) and 5 autonomous regions (regioni autonome, singular - regione autonoma)
regions: Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Lazio (Latium), Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte (Piedmont), Puglia (Apulia), Toscana (Tuscany), Umbria, Veneto
autonomous regions: Friuli Venezia Giulia, Sardegna (Sardinia), Sicilia (Sicily), Trentino-Alto Adige (Trentino-South Tyrol) or Trentino-Suedtirol (German), Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley) or Vallée d'Aoste (French)
regions: Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Lazio (Latium), Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte (Piedmont), Puglia (Apulia), Toscana (Tuscany), Umbria, Veneto
autonomous regions: Friuli Venezia Giulia, Sardegna (Sardinia), Sicilia (Sicily), Trentino-Alto Adige (Trentino-South Tyrol) or Trentino-Suedtirol (German), Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley) or Vallée d'Aoste (French)
Legal system
civil law system; Constitutional Court reviews legislation under certain conditions
Constitution
history: previous 1848 (originally for the Kingdom of Sardinia and adopted by the Kingdom of Italy in 1861); latest enacted 22 December 1947, adopted 27 December 1947, entered into force 1 January 1948
amendment process: proposed by both houses of Parliament; passage requires two successive debates and approval by absolute majority of each house on the second vote; a referendum is only required when requested by one fifth of the members of either house, by voter petition, or by 5 Regional Councils (elected legislative assemblies of the 15 first-level administrative regions and 5 autonomous regions of Italy); referendum not required if an amendment has been approved by a two-thirds majority in each house in the second vote
Reference: 1948, 1947amendment process: proposed by both houses of Parliament; passage requires two successive debates and approval by absolute majority of each house on the second vote; a referendum is only required when requested by one fifth of the members of either house, by voter petition, or by 5 Regional Councils (elected legislative assemblies of the 15 first-level administrative regions and 5 autonomous regions of Italy); referendum not required if an amendment has been approved by a two-thirds majority in each house in the second vote
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Italy
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 4 years for EU nationals, 5 years for refugees and specified exceptions, 10 years for all others
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Italy
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 4 years for EU nationals, 5 years for refugees and specified exceptions, 10 years for all others
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal except in senatorial elections, where minimum age is 25
Executive branch
chief of state: President Sergio MATTARELLA (since 3 February 2015)
head of government: Prime Minister Giorgia MELONI (since 22 October 2022); the prime minister's official title is President of the Council of Ministers
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, who is known officially as the President of the Council of Ministers and locally as the premier; nominated by the president
election/appointment process: president indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of both houses of Parliament and 58 regional representatives for a 7-year term (no term limits); prime minister appointed by the president, confirmed by parliament
most recent election date: 24-29 January 2022 (eight rounds)
election results: 2022: Sergio MATTARELLA (independent) reelected president; electoral college vote count in eighth round - 759 out of 1,009 (505 vote threshold)
2015: Sergio MATTARELLA (independent) elected president; electoral college vote count in fourth round - 665 out of 995 (505 vote threshold)
expected date of next election: 2029
Reference: 2029, 2022, 2015head of government: Prime Minister Giorgia MELONI (since 22 October 2022); the prime minister's official title is President of the Council of Ministers
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, who is known officially as the President of the Council of Ministers and locally as the premier; nominated by the president
election/appointment process: president indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of both houses of Parliament and 58 regional representatives for a 7-year term (no term limits); prime minister appointed by the president, confirmed by parliament
most recent election date: 24-29 January 2022 (eight rounds)
election results: 2022: Sergio MATTARELLA (independent) reelected president; electoral college vote count in eighth round - 759 out of 1,009 (505 vote threshold)
2015: Sergio MATTARELLA (independent) elected president; electoral college vote count in fourth round - 665 out of 995 (505 vote threshold)
expected date of next election: 2029
Legislative branch
legislature name: Parliament (Il Parlamento)
legislative structure: bicameral
legislative structure: bicameral
Legislative branch - lower chamber
chamber name: Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati)
number of seats: 400 (all directly elected)
electoral system: mixed system
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 9/25/2022
parties elected and seats per party: Coalition Brothers of Italy (FdI) - Lega - Forza Italia - Us Moderates (Noi moderati, NM) (237); Democratic Party - Democratic and Progressive Italy (PD-IDP) - Greens and Left Alliance (AVS) - +EUROPA" - Civic Commitment (IC) (84); Five Star Movement (M5s) (52); Action - Italia Viva (21); Other (6)
percentage of women in chamber: 32.8%
expected date of next election: September 2027
Reference: 2027, 2022number of seats: 400 (all directly elected)
electoral system: mixed system
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 9/25/2022
parties elected and seats per party: Coalition Brothers of Italy (FdI) - Lega - Forza Italia - Us Moderates (Noi moderati, NM) (237); Democratic Party - Democratic and Progressive Italy (PD-IDP) - Greens and Left Alliance (AVS) - +EUROPA" - Civic Commitment (IC) (84); Five Star Movement (M5s) (52); Action - Italia Viva (21); Other (6)
percentage of women in chamber: 32.8%
expected date of next election: September 2027
Legislative branch - upper chamber
chamber name: Senate (Senato della Repubblica)
number of seats: 205 (200 directly elected; 5 appointed)
electoral system: mixed system
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 9/25/2022
parties elected and seats per party: Coalition Brothers of Italy (FdI) - Lega - Forza Italia - Us Moderates (Noi moderati, NM) (115); Democratic Party - Democratic and Progressive Italy (PD-IDP) - Greens and Left Alliance (AVS) - +EUROPA" - Civic Commitment (IC) (44); Five Star Movement (M5s) (28); Other (13)
percentage of women in chamber: 36.3%
expected date of next election: September 2027
Reference: 2027, 2022number of seats: 205 (200 directly elected; 5 appointed)
electoral system: mixed system
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 9/25/2022
parties elected and seats per party: Coalition Brothers of Italy (FdI) - Lega - Forza Italia - Us Moderates (Noi moderati, NM) (115); Democratic Party - Democratic and Progressive Italy (PD-IDP) - Greens and Left Alliance (AVS) - +EUROPA" - Civic Commitment (IC) (44); Five Star Movement (M5s) (28); Other (13)
percentage of women in chamber: 36.3%
expected date of next election: September 2027
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court of Cassation or Corte Suprema di Cassazione (consists of the first president, deputy president, 54 justices presiding over 6 civil and 7 criminal divisions, and 288 judges; an additional 30 judges of lower courts serve as supporting judges; cases normally heard by 5-judge panels; more complex cases heard by 9-judge panels); Constitutional Court or Corte Costituzionale (consists of the court president and 14 judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the High Council of the Judiciary, headed by the president of the republic; judges may serve for life; Constitutional Court judges - 5 appointed by the president, 5 elected by Parliament, 5 elected by select higher courts; judges serve up to 9 years
subordinate courts: various lower civil and criminal courts (primary and secondary tribunals and courts of appeal)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the High Council of the Judiciary, headed by the president of the republic; judges may serve for life; Constitutional Court judges - 5 appointed by the president, 5 elected by Parliament, 5 elected by select higher courts; judges serve up to 9 years
subordinate courts: various lower civil and criminal courts (primary and secondary tribunals and courts of appeal)
Political parties
Action-Italia Viva
Associative Movement of Italians Abroad or MAIE
Brothers of Italy or FdI
Democratic Party or PD
Five Star Movement or M5S
Forza Italia or FI
Free and Equal (Liberi e Uguali) or LeU
Greens and Left Alliance or AVS
Italexit
League or Lega
More Europe or +EU
Popular Union or PU
South calls North or ScN
South Tyrolean Peoples Party or SVP
other minor parties
Associative Movement of Italians Abroad or MAIE
Brothers of Italy or FdI
Democratic Party or PD
Five Star Movement or M5S
Forza Italia or FI
Free and Equal (Liberi e Uguali) or LeU
Greens and Left Alliance or AVS
Italexit
League or Lega
More Europe or +EU
Popular Union or PU
South calls North or ScN
South Tyrolean Peoples Party or SVP
other minor parties
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Marco PERONACI (since 5 September 2025)
chancery: 3000 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 612-4400
FAX: [1] (202) 518-2154
email address and website: washington.ambasciata@esteri.it
https://ambwashingtondc.esteri.it/ambasciata_washington/en/
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco
consulate(s): Detroit
chancery: 3000 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 612-4400
FAX: [1] (202) 518-2154
email address and website: washington.ambasciata@esteri.it
https://ambwashingtondc.esteri.it/ambasciata_washington/en/
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco
consulate(s): Detroit
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Tilman J. FERTITTA (since 6 May 2025); note - also accredited to San Marino
embassy: via Vittorio Veneto 121, 00187 Roma
mailing address: 9500 Rome Place, Washington DC 20521-9500
telephone: [39] 06-46741
FAX: [39] 06-4674-2244
email address and website: uscitizenrome@state.gov
https://it.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Florence, Milan, Naples
embassy: via Vittorio Veneto 121, 00187 Roma
mailing address: 9500 Rome Place, Washington DC 20521-9500
telephone: [39] 06-46741
FAX: [39] 06-4674-2244
email address and website: uscitizenrome@state.gov
https://it.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Florence, Milan, Naples
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CDB, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNMOGIP, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Independence
17 March 1861
note: note: the Kingdom of Italy proclaimed on 17 March 1861, but Italy was not fully unified until 1871
note: note: the Kingdom of Italy proclaimed on 17 March 1861, but Italy was not fully unified until 1871
National holiday
Republic Day, 2 June (1946)
Reference: 1946Flag
description: three equal vertical bands of green (left side), white, and red
meaning: colors are those of Milan (red and white) combined with the green uniform color of the Milanese civic guard
history: design inspired by the French flag that Napoleon brought to Italy in 1797
note: note: similar to the flags of Mexico (longer, darker shades of green and red, and has its coat of arms centered on the white band), Ireland (longer and with orange instead of red), and Cote d'Ivoire (colors reversed)
meaning: colors are those of Milan (red and white) combined with the green uniform color of the Milanese civic guard
history: design inspired by the French flag that Napoleon brought to Italy in 1797
note: note: similar to the flags of Mexico (longer, darker shades of green and red, and has its coat of arms centered on the white band), Ireland (longer and with orange instead of red), and Cote d'Ivoire (colors reversed)
National symbol(s)
five-pointed white star (Stella d'Italia)
National color(s)
red, white, green
National coat of arms
this coat of arms has been a symbol of the Italian Republic since May 5, 1948, when Paolo Paschetto’s design won a two-year public competition; the olive branch symbolizes national and global peace; the oak branch stands for the strength and the dignity of the Italian people, and the steel cog-wheel for their hard work; the single star represents Italy’s solidarity
Reference: 1948National anthem(s)
title: "Il Canto degli Italiani" (The Song of the Italians)
lyrics/music: Goffredo MAMELI/Michele NOVARO
history: adopted 2005; the anthem, originally written in 1847, is also known as "L'Inno di Mameli" (Mameli's Hymn), and "Fratelli d'Italia" (Brothers of Italy)
Reference: 2005lyrics/music: Goffredo MAMELI/Michele NOVARO
history: adopted 2005; the anthem, originally written in 1847, is also known as "L'Inno di Mameli" (Mameli's Hymn), and "Fratelli d'Italia" (Brothers of Italy)
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites: 61 (55 cultural, 6 natural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Historic Center of Rome (c); Archaeological Areas of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Torre Annunziata (c); Venice and its Lagoon (c); Historic Center of Florence (c); Piazza del Duomo, Pisa (c); Historic Centre of Naples (c); Portovenere, Cinque Terre, and the Islands (Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto)(c); Mount Etna (n); Cultural landscape of the Benedictine settlements in medieval Italy (c); Church and Dominican Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie with “The Last Supper” by Leonardo da Vinci (c); City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto (c); Crespi d'Adda (c); Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna (c); Historic Centre of the City of Pienza (c); Cathedral, Torre Civica and Piazza Grande, Modena (c); Costiera Amalfitana (c); Villa Romana del Casale (c); Archaeological Area and the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia (c); Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park with the Archeological Sites of Paestum and Velia, and the Certosa di Padula (c); Historic Centre of Urbino (c); Villa Adriana (Tivoli) (c); Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites (c); City of Verona (c); Isole Eolie (Aeolian Islands) (n); Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia (c); Val d'Orcia (c); Mantua and Sabbioneta (c); The Dolomites (n); Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps (c); Medici Villas and Gardens in Tuscany (c); Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th Centuries: Stato da Terra – Western Stato da Mar (c); Padua’s fourteenth-century fresco cycles (c); The Porticoes of Bologna (c); Evaporitic Karst and Caves of Northern Apennines (n); Via Appia: Regina Viarum (c); Funerary Tradition in the Prehistory of Sardinia – The domus de janas (c)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Historic Center of Rome (c); Archaeological Areas of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Torre Annunziata (c); Venice and its Lagoon (c); Historic Center of Florence (c); Piazza del Duomo, Pisa (c); Historic Centre of Naples (c); Portovenere, Cinque Terre, and the Islands (Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto)(c); Mount Etna (n); Cultural landscape of the Benedictine settlements in medieval Italy (c); Church and Dominican Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie with “The Last Supper” by Leonardo da Vinci (c); City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto (c); Crespi d'Adda (c); Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna (c); Historic Centre of the City of Pienza (c); Cathedral, Torre Civica and Piazza Grande, Modena (c); Costiera Amalfitana (c); Villa Romana del Casale (c); Archaeological Area and the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia (c); Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park with the Archeological Sites of Paestum and Velia, and the Certosa di Padula (c); Historic Centre of Urbino (c); Villa Adriana (Tivoli) (c); Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites (c); City of Verona (c); Isole Eolie (Aeolian Islands) (n); Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia (c); Val d'Orcia (c); Mantua and Sabbioneta (c); The Dolomites (n); Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps (c); Medici Villas and Gardens in Tuscany (c); Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th Centuries: Stato da Terra – Western Stato da Mar (c); Padua’s fourteenth-century fresco cycles (c); The Porticoes of Bologna (c); Evaporitic Karst and Caves of Northern Apennines (n); Via Appia: Regina Viarum (c); Funerary Tradition in the Prehistory of Sardinia – The domus de janas (c)
Government & Official Links
| Institution | Official website | X / Twitter | Verification |
|---|---|---|---|
| Italy official website | Official website | — | Reported · source Checked September 20, 2026 |
Institutional accounts only; personal accounts of political office-holders are excluded.
Legislature & Elections
Legislature
| Name | Chamber | Seats | Electoral system |
|---|---|---|---|
| Italian Parliament | — | — | — |
Economy
Economic overview
high-income, core EU economy; strong services, manufacturing, and tourism sectors; modest growth supported by net exports, low inflation, and public investments via EU funds; tight labor market with aging workforce and shortages in specialized skills; high public debt levels
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $3.133 trillion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $3.11 trillion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $3.088 trillion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $3.11 trillion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $3.088 trillion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2024: $53,100 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $52,700 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $52,300 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP per capita 2023: $52,700 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $52,300 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 2% (2024 est.)
industry: 21.7% (2024 est.)
services: 65.6% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Reference: 2024industry: 21.7% (2024 est.)
services: 65.6% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption: 58.3% (2023 est.)
government consumption: 17.8% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 22.5% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: 0.4% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 33.5% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -32.1% (2023 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Reference: 2023government consumption: 17.8% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 22.5% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: 0.4% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 33.5% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -32.1% (2023 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
milk, wheat, grapes, tomatoes, maize, olives, apples, oranges, sugar beets, rice (2023)
note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Reference: 2023note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
tourism, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics
Industrial production growth rate
0.2% (2024 est.)
note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Reference: 2024note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Labor force
25.828 million (2024 est.)
note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Reference: 2024note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 21.8% (2024 est.)
male: 19.9% (2024 est.)
female: 24.8% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Reference: 2024male: 19.9% (2024 est.)
female: 24.8% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Population below poverty line
20.1% (2021 est.)
note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Reference: 2021note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022: 33.7 (2022 est.)
note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Reference: 2022note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Average household expenditures
on food: 14.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 3.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023on alcohol and tobacco: 3.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 2.5% (2022 est.)
highest 10%: 25.3% (2022 est.)
note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Reference: 2022highest 10%: 25.3% (2022 est.)
note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances
Remittances 2024: 0.5% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances 2023: 0.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 0.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Remittances 2023: 0.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 0.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget
revenues: $935.038 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures: $1.104 trillion (2023 est.)
note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Reference: 2023expenditures: $1.104 trillion (2023 est.)
note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Public debt
Public debt 2017: 131.8% of GDP (2017 est.)
note: note: Italy reports its data on public debt according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty; general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year, in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises central, state, and local government and social security funds
Reference: 2017note: note: Italy reports its data on public debt according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty; general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year, in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises central, state, and local government and social security funds
Taxes and other revenues
24.8% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Reference: 2023note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: $26.76 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: $3.261 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$36.325 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Current account balance 2023: $3.261 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$36.325 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2024: $778.898 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $774.311 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $737.083 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Exports 2023: $774.311 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $737.083 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
Germany 11%, USA 11%, France 10%, Spain 5%, UK 5% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
packaged medicine, garments, cars, refined petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2024: $717.278 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $739.646 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $775.518 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Imports 2023: $739.646 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $775.518 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
Germany 15%, France 9%, China 8%, Netherlands 6%, Spain 5% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
natural gas, crude petroleum, cars, packaged medicine, garments (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $290.547 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $247.396 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $224.581 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $247.396 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $224.581 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Exchange rates
Currency: euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024: 0.924 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 0.95 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 0.876 (2020 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Exchange rates 2024: 0.924 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 0.95 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 0.876 (2020 est.)
Trade
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: $26.76 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: $3.261 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$36.325 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Current account balance 2023: $3.261 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$36.325 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2024: $778.898 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $774.311 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $737.083 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Exports 2023: $774.311 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $737.083 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
Germany 11%, USA 11%, France 10%, Spain 5%, UK 5% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
packaged medicine, garments, cars, refined petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2024: $717.278 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $739.646 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $775.518 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Imports 2023: $739.646 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $775.518 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
Germany 15%, France 9%, China 8%, Netherlands 6%, Spain 5% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
natural gas, crude petroleum, cars, packaged medicine, garments (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Energy & Resources
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 128.692 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 290.664 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 3.32 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 54.572 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 17.62 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 290.664 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 3.32 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 54.572 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 17.62 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 56% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 12% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 9.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 14.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
geothermal: 2.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 6.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023solar: 12% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 9.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 14.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
geothermal: 2.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 6.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Nuclear energy
Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 4 (2025)
Coal
production: 1.572 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption: 12.424 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 304,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 12.069 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 609.999 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 12.424 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 304,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 12.069 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 609.999 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
total petroleum production: 111,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 1.245 million bbl/day (2024 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 497.934 million barrels (2021 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2021refined petroleum consumption: 1.245 million bbl/day (2024 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 497.934 million barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas
production: 2.778 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption: 61.906 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 2.609 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 61.851 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 45.76 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2021consumption: 61.906 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 2.609 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 61.851 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 45.76 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 96.797 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Infrastructure
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 20.107 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34 (2023 est.)
Health
Maternal mortality ratio
6 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 9% of GDP (2022)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 11.8% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 11.8% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
4.19 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Reference: 2022Hospital bed density
3.2 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020Obesity - adult prevalence rate
19.9% (2016)
Reference: 2016Tobacco use
total: 19.8% (2025 est.)
male: 23.2% (2025 est.)
female: 16.6% (2025 est.)
male: 23.2% (2025 est.)
female: 16.6% (2025 est.)
Education
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 17 years (2023 est.)
male: 16 years (2023 est.)
female: 17 years (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023male: 16 years (2023 est.)
female: 17 years (2023 est.)
Rights, Freedoms & Society
Press & Media Freedom
V-Dem expert-coded/modelled source measures. Knelstrom does not create a press-freedom ranking or composite score.
LGBTQ+ Rights & Law
Concrete legal-status fields only; Knelstrom does not generate an LGBTQ rights score or country ranking.
Source: Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory (CC BY-SA 4.0). Community-edited legal-status summary; retrieved by Knelstrom and not legal advice.
Crime & Justice
Legal system
civil law system; Constitutional Court reviews legislation under certain conditions
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court of Cassation or Corte Suprema di Cassazione (consists of the first president, deputy president, 54 justices presiding over 6 civil and 7 criminal divisions, and 288 judges; an additional 30 judges of lower courts serve as supporting judges; cases normally heard by 5-judge panels; more complex cases heard by 9-judge panels); Constitutional Court or Corte Costituzionale (consists of the court president and 14 judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the High Council of the Judiciary, headed by the president of the republic; judges may serve for life; Constitutional Court judges - 5 appointed by the president, 5 elected by Parliament, 5 elected by select higher courts; judges serve up to 9 years
subordinate courts: various lower civil and criminal courts (primary and secondary tribunals and courts of appeal)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the High Council of the Judiciary, headed by the president of the republic; judges may serve for life; Constitutional Court judges - 5 appointed by the president, 5 elected by Parliament, 5 elected by select higher courts; judges serve up to 9 years
subordinate courts: various lower civil and criminal courts (primary and secondary tribunals and courts of appeal)
Military & Security
Military and security forces
Italian Armed Forces (Forze Armate Italiane): Army (Esercito Italiano, EI), Navy (Marina Militare Italiana, MMI; includes aviation, marines), Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare Italiana, AMI); Carabinieri Corps (Arma dei Carabinieri, CC) (2025)
note: note 1: the National (or State) Police and Carabinieri (gendarmerie or military police) maintain internal security; the National Police reports to the Ministry of Interior while the Carabinieri reports to the Ministry of Defense but is also under the coordination of the Ministry of Interior; the Carabinieri is primarily a domestic police force organized along military lines, with some overseas responsibilities
note 2: the Financial Guard (Guardia di Finanza) under the Ministry of Economy and Finance is a force with military status and nationwide remit for financial crime investigations, including narcotics trafficking, smuggling, and illegal immigration
note: note 1: the National (or State) Police and Carabinieri (gendarmerie or military police) maintain internal security; the National Police reports to the Ministry of Interior while the Carabinieri reports to the Ministry of Defense but is also under the coordination of the Ministry of Interior; the Carabinieri is primarily a domestic police force organized along military lines, with some overseas responsibilities
note 2: the Financial Guard (Guardia di Finanza) under the Ministry of Economy and Finance is a force with military status and nationwide remit for financial crime investigations, including narcotics trafficking, smuggling, and illegal immigration
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2025: 2% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024: 1.5% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 1.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 1.5% of GDP (2021 est.)
Reference: 2025, 2024, 2023, 2022Military Expenditures 2024: 1.5% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 1.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 1.5% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 170,000 active-duty military personnel; approximately 105,000 Carabinieri (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military's inventory includes a mix of domestically manufactured, imported, and jointly produced weapons systems, mostly from Europe and the US; in recent years, the US has been the lead supplier of military hardware to Italy; the Italian defense industry is capable of producing equipment across all the military domains with particular strengths in aircraft, armored vehicles, and naval vessels; it also participates in joint development and production of advanced weapons systems with other European countries and the US (2024)
Reference: 2024Military service age and obligation
17-25 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women (some variations on age depending on the military branch); voluntary service is a minimum of 12 months with the option to extend in the Armed Forces or compete for positions in the Military Corps of the Italian Red Cross, the State Police, the Carabinieri, the Guardia di Finanza, the Penitentiary Police, or the National Fire Brigade; recruits can also volunteer for 4 years military service; conscription abolished 2004 (2024)
note: note: women serve in all military branches; as of 2023, women made up about 8% of the military's full-time personnel
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2004note: note: women serve in all military branches; as of 2023, women made up about 8% of the military's full-time personnel
Military deployments
Italy has on average about 8,000 military personnel deployed in support of NATO, UN, and other foreign missions; significant ground troop deployments include Bulgaria (750), Hungary (250), Kosovo (870), Latvia (300), and Lebanon (875); in addition, air and naval units are deployed in support of NATO missions (2025)
note: note: since 1960, Italy has committed more than 60,000 troops to UN missions, and it hosts a training center in Vicenza for police personnel destined for peacekeeping missions
Reference: 2025, 1960note: note: since 1960, Italy has committed more than 60,000 troops to UN missions, and it hosts a training center in Vicenza for police personnel destined for peacekeeping missions
Military - note
the Italian military is responsible for Italy’s national defense and security and fulfilling the country’s commitments to the EU, NATO, the UN, and other multinational military, security, and humanitarian operations; it also has some domestic security duties; key areas of emphasis for Italy’s security policy and multinational cooperation are Europe’s eastern and southern flanks, including the Mediterranean Sea, East and North Africa, and the Middle East and its adjacent waters
Italy has been an active member of NATO since its founding in 1948, and the Alliance is a cornerstone of Rome’s national security strategy; it is one of NATO’s leading contributors of military forces and participates in such Alliance missions as Air Policing in the Baltics, the Enhanced Forward Presence in Eastern Europe, and maritime patrols in the Mediterranean and beyond; it hosts NATO’s Joint Force Command in Naples and a NATO Rapid Deployable Corps headquarters in Milan
Italy is also active in European/EU defense cooperation and integration, including hosting the headquarters for the EU’s Mediterranean naval operations force in Rome; in addition, Italy has close defense ties with the US and hosts several US military air, army, and naval bases and facilities (2025)
Reference: 2025, 1948Italy has been an active member of NATO since its founding in 1948, and the Alliance is a cornerstone of Rome’s national security strategy; it is one of NATO’s leading contributors of military forces and participates in such Alliance missions as Air Policing in the Baltics, the Enhanced Forward Presence in Eastern Europe, and maritime patrols in the Mediterranean and beyond; it hosts NATO’s Joint Force Command in Naples and a NATO Rapid Deployable Corps headquarters in Milan
Italy is also active in European/EU defense cooperation and integration, including hosting the headquarters for the EU’s Mediterranean naval operations force in Rome; in addition, Italy has close defense ties with the US and hosts several US military air, army, and naval bases and facilities (2025)
International Relations
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Marco PERONACI (since 5 September 2025)
chancery: 3000 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 612-4400
FAX: [1] (202) 518-2154
email address and website: washington.ambasciata@esteri.it
https://ambwashingtondc.esteri.it/ambasciata_washington/en/
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco
consulate(s): Detroit
chancery: 3000 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 612-4400
FAX: [1] (202) 518-2154
email address and website: washington.ambasciata@esteri.it
https://ambwashingtondc.esteri.it/ambasciata_washington/en/
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco
consulate(s): Detroit
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Tilman J. FERTITTA (since 6 May 2025); note - also accredited to San Marino
embassy: via Vittorio Veneto 121, 00187 Roma
mailing address: 9500 Rome Place, Washington DC 20521-9500
telephone: [39] 06-46741
FAX: [39] 06-4674-2244
email address and website: uscitizenrome@state.gov
https://it.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Florence, Milan, Naples
embassy: via Vittorio Veneto 121, 00187 Roma
mailing address: 9500 Rome Place, Washington DC 20521-9500
telephone: [39] 06-46741
FAX: [39] 06-4674-2244
email address and website: uscitizenrome@state.gov
https://it.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Florence, Milan, Naples
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CDB, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNMOGIP, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Treaties & Organisations
| Organisation | Status | Joined |
|---|---|---|
| Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) | member | 1973-06-25 |
| European Union (EU) | member | 1957-03-25 |
| G20 (G20) | member | — |
| Group of Seven (G7) | member | 1977-00-00 |
| NATO (NATO) | member | 1949-04-04 |
| OECD (OECD) | member | 1962-03-29 |
| United Nations (UN) | member | 1955-12-14 |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | member | 1995-00-00 |
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CDB, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNMOGIP, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Conflict & Security
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 520,127 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 3,000 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024stateless persons: 3,000 (2024 est.)
Terrorist group(s)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
note: note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
note: note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
Transportation & Logistics
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
I
Airports
655 (2025)
Heliports
163 (2025)
Railways
total: 18,475 km (2020) 12,936 km electrified
note: 1289.3 0.950-mm gauge (151.3 km electrified)
Reference: 2020note: 1289.3 0.950-mm gauge (151.3 km electrified)
Merchant marine
total: 1,276 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 17, container ship 6, general cargo 109, oil tanker 95, other 1,049
Reference: 2023by type: bulk carrier 17, container ship 6, general cargo 109, oil tanker 95, other 1,049
Ports
total ports: 123 (2024)
large: 12
medium: 11
small: 71
very small: 28
size unknown: 1
ports with oil terminals: 33
key ports: Brindisi, Civitavecchia, Genova, Gioia Tauro, La Spezia, Livorno, Messina, Napoli, Porto di Lido-Venezia, Siracusa, Taranto, Trieste
Reference: 2024large: 12
medium: 11
small: 71
very small: 28
size unknown: 1
ports with oil terminals: 33
key ports: Brindisi, Civitavecchia, Genova, Gioia Tauro, La Spezia, Livorno, Messina, Napoli, Porto di Lido-Venezia, Siracusa, Taranto, Trieste
Environment
Environmental issues
air pollution from industrial emissions; water pollution from industrial and agricultural effluents, as well as acid rain; inadequate industrial waste treatment and disposal facilities
International environmental agreements
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol
Reference: 2006signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol
Climate
predominantly Mediterranean; alpine in far north; hot, dry in south
Land use
agricultural land: 44.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 24% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 8.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 12.2% (2023 est.)
forest: 31.8% (2023 est.)
other: 24% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 24% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 8.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 12.2% (2023 est.)
forest: 31.8% (2023 est.)
other: 24% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 72% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2020rate of urbanization: 0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions: 307.442 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 26.15 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 162.688 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 118.604 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023from coal and metallurgical coke: 26.15 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 162.688 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 118.604 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
12.3 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019Methane emissions
energy: 276.4 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture: 764.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 523.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 35.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022, 2021, 2019agriculture: 764.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 523.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 35.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 30.088 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 39.9% (2022 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 39.9% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 9.148 billion cubic meters (2022)
industrial: 7.7 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 17 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022industrial: 7.7 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 17 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total renewable water resources
191.3 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022Geoparks
total global geoparks and regional networks: 12 (2025)
global geoparks and regional networks: Adamello-Brenta; Alpi Apuane; Aspromonte; Beigua; Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni; Madonie; Maiella; MurGEopark; Pollino; Rocca di Cerere; Sesia Val Grande; Tuscan Mining Park (2025)
global geoparks and regional networks: Adamello-Brenta; Alpi Apuane; Aspromonte; Beigua; Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni; Madonie; Maiella; MurGEopark; Pollino; Rocca di Cerere; Sesia Val Grande; Tuscan Mining Park (2025)
Communications & Media
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 20.107 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34 (2023 est.)
Broadcast media
two Italian media giants dominate, with 3 national terrestrial stations; privately owned companies have 3 national terrestrial stations; a large number of private stations, a satellite TV network; 3 AM/FM nationwide radio stations; about 1,300 commercial radio stations
Internet country code
.it
Historical Trends
Population
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Population data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 60,115,223 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 60,002,252 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 59,877,221 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 59,729,081 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 59,438,851 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 59,133,173 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 59,013,667 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 58,984,216 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 58,952,704 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 58,915,656 | world_bank_wdi |
GDP (current US$)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View GDP (current US$) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | $1,887,111,188,177 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | $1,970,720,904,585 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | $2,099,435,266,459 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | $2,019,606,796,584 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | $1,907,481,094,079 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | $2,179,207,773,596 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | $2,104,067,630,320 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | $2,316,882,296,366 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | $2,383,435,562,458 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | $2,551,556,954,100 | world_bank_wdi |
International migrant stock (immigrants)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International migrant stock (immigrants) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 6,223,851 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 6,553,671 | world_bank_wdi |
International emigrant stock
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International emigrant stock data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 3,354,372 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 1995 | 3,154,012 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2000 | 2,998,648 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2005 | 2,751,018 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2010 | 2,666,862 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2015 | 2,756,727 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2020 | 2,886,481 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2024 | 2,941,444 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
Net migration
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Net migration data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 84,568 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 95,147 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 83,686 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 46,634 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 85,281 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 157,327 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 231,228 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 150,189 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 95,246 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 75,448 | world_bank_wdi |
Sources & Methodology
Current statistical observations include their reference period and provenance. Reference fields from approved source datasets are attributed below. Missing information is left unknown rather than inferred.
| Indicator | Value | Period | Source | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 58,915,656 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| UN Population Division population estimate | 58,926,167 | 2026 | UN Population Division Data Portal | Estimated |
| Wikidata population (fallback) | 58,850,717 | 2023 | Wikidata | Reported |
| International migrant stock (immigrants) | 6,553,671 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International migrant stock | 11.0% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International emigrant stock | 2,941,444 | 2024 | UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2024 | Estimated |
| Net migration | 75,448 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Refugees hosted | 192,914 | 2025 | UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics | Verified |
| Asylum seekers hosted | 234,144 | 2025 | UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics | Verified |
| Refugees from this country | 266 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Asylum seekers from this country | 575 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Freedom of expression & alternative information index | 0.756 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Government censorship effort — media | 0.599 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Harassment of journalists | 1.444 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Print/broadcast media critical of government | 0.137 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Range of perspectives in major media | 1.201 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media bias | 0.903 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media self-censorship | 0.293 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Same-sex sexual activity | Yes Legal since 1890; + UN decl. sign. | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Recognition of same-sex relationships | Yes Civil unions since 2016 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex marriage | No In 2018 the Supreme Court ruled that same-sex marriages performed abroad must be registered as civil unions. (Proposed) | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex adoption | Yes / No Stepchild adoption admitted by the Court of Cassation since 2016 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Open military service | Yes | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law | Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Gender identity / expression law | Yes Legal recognition and documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| GDP (current US$) | $2,551,556,954,100 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP per capita (current US$) | $43,309 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP growth | 0.5% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Inflation, consumer prices | 1.5% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Unemployment | 6.4% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Income level | High income | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Life expectancy at birth | 84.0 years | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fertility rate | 1.2 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Urban population | 69.7% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Individuals using the Internet | 89.2% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Exports of goods and services | 32.2% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Imports of goods and services | 30.3% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Trade | 62.5% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Adult literacy rate | 99.3% | 2019 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secondary school enrolment, gross | 100.7% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Government education expenditure | 4.1% | 2022 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Access to electricity | 100.0% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Electric power consumption | 5,137 kWh/person | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Renewable energy consumption | 17.5% | 2021 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Current health expenditure | 8.4% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Infant mortality rate | 2.3 per 1,000 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Forest area | 32.9% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Mobile cellular subscriptions | 132.6 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fixed broadband subscriptions | 31.8 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secure Internet servers | 30,647 per million | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude | 41.8955° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Longitude | 12.4823° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude (Wikidata) | 42.5000° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Longitude (Wikidata) | 12.5000° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Time zone | Europe/Rome | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Form of government | parliamentary republic | current | Wikidata | Reported |
Data attribution
Credits below are generated from sources actually used by this country profile. Source-specific terms take precedence.
- CIA World Factbook, final 2025 country profile (structured via factbook.json). Accessed September 20, 2026. U.S. Government public-domain data; retained as a reference source where a newer approved field is not available. Source · Terms/licence
- Source: Eurostat (dataset/datacode: demo_pjan) Accessed September 19, 2026. Knelstrom presentation/formatting may differ from the source. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, International Migrant Stock 2024; data access/processing via Our World in Data. Accessed September 20, 2026. Underlying UN dataset used under CC BY 3.0 IGO. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects (WPP indicator 49) Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 3.0 IGO; current-year WPP population values are presented as estimates/projections where applicable. Source · Terms/licence
- UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics Database. Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 4.0 except where a dataset identifies a different source or licence. Source · Terms/licence
- Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), Country-Year Dataset v16 (variables: v2mebias, v2mecenefm, v2mecrit, v2meharjrn, v2merange, v2meslfcen, v2x_freexp_altinf) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0; V-Dem measures are expert-coded/modelled and no V-Dem endorsement is implied. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikidata structured data (CC0). Accessed September 20, 2026. Attribution is provided by Knelstrom for provenance although CC0 does not require it. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikipedia, “LGBTQ rights by country or territory” (source revision/data fields: Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Gender identity / expression law, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Open military service, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Recognition of same-sex relationships, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex adoption, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex marriage, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex sexual activity, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0. Knelstrom changes formatting and presents the imported material as a community-edited legal-status summary, not legal advice or a Knelstrom rights score. Source · Terms/licence
- World Bank, World Development Indicators (series: AG.LND.FRST.ZS, country_metadata, EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS, EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS, EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC, FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG, IT.CEL.SETS.P2, IT.NET.BBND.P2, IT.NET.SECR.P6, IT.NET.USER.ZS, NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS, NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS, NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS, NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG, NY.GDP.PCAP.CD, SE.ADT.LITR.ZS, SE.SEC.ENRR, SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS, SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS, SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS, SM.POP.ASYS.EO, SM.POP.NETM, SM.POP.RHCR.EO, SM.POP.TOTL, SM.POP.TOTL.ZS, SP.DYN.IMRT.IN, SP.DYN.LE00.IN, SP.DYN.TFRT.IN, SP.POP.TOTL, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS) Accessed September 20, 2026. Data used under CC BY 4.0; Knelstrom presentation/formatting may differ from the source. Source · Terms/licence
Knelstrom does not imply endorsement by any listed data provider.
Last automated statistical refresh: 2026-09-20 02:05:16