Knelstrom Intelligence · World Factbook
Turkmenistan
Türkmenistan
CapitalAshgabat
Population7,618,847
GDP$49.8bn
Area491,210 km²
RegionEurope & Central Asia
Data sources current · last checked September 20, 2026 2:11 am
Country facts
Overview
Background
Present-day Turkmenistan has been at the crossroads of civilizations for centuries. Various Persian empires ruled the area in antiquity, and Alexander the Great, Muslim armies, the Mongols, Turkic warriors, and eventually the Russians conquered it. In medieval times, Merv (located in present-day Mary province) was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by Russia in the late 1800s, Turkmen territories later figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik resistance in Central Asia. In 1924, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic; it achieved independence when the USSR dissolved in 1991.
President for Life Saparmurat NIYAZOV died in 2006, and Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOV, a deputy chairman under NIYAZOW, emerged as the country's new president. BERDIMUHAMEDOV won Turkmenistan's first multi-candidate presidential election in 2007, and again in 2012 and 2017 with over 97% of the vote in elections widely regarded as undemocratic. In 2022, BERDIMUHAMEDOV announced that he would step down from the presidency and called for an election to replace him. His son, Serdar BERDIMUHAMEDOV, won the ensuing election with 73% of the vote. Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOV, although no longer head of state, maintains an influential political position as head of the Halk Maslahaty (People’s Council) and as National Leader of the Turkmen People, a title that provides additional privileges and immunity for him and his family. Since Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOV stepped down from the presidency, state-controlled media upgraded his honorific from Arkadag (protector) to Hero-Arkadag, and began referring to Serdar BERDIMUHAMEDOV as Arkadagly Serdar, which can be translated as "Serdar who has a protector to support him."
Turkmenistan has sought new export markets for its extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves, which have yet to be fully exploited. Turkmenistan's reliance on gas exports has made the economy vulnerable to fluctuations in the global energy market, and economic hardships since the drop in energy prices in 2014 have led many citizens of Turkmenistan to emigrate, mostly to Turkey.
Reference: 2022, 2017, 2014, 2012President for Life Saparmurat NIYAZOV died in 2006, and Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOV, a deputy chairman under NIYAZOW, emerged as the country's new president. BERDIMUHAMEDOV won Turkmenistan's first multi-candidate presidential election in 2007, and again in 2012 and 2017 with over 97% of the vote in elections widely regarded as undemocratic. In 2022, BERDIMUHAMEDOV announced that he would step down from the presidency and called for an election to replace him. His son, Serdar BERDIMUHAMEDOV, won the ensuing election with 73% of the vote. Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOV, although no longer head of state, maintains an influential political position as head of the Halk Maslahaty (People’s Council) and as National Leader of the Turkmen People, a title that provides additional privileges and immunity for him and his family. Since Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOV stepped down from the presidency, state-controlled media upgraded his honorific from Arkadag (protector) to Hero-Arkadag, and began referring to Serdar BERDIMUHAMEDOV as Arkadagly Serdar, which can be translated as "Serdar who has a protector to support him."
Turkmenistan has sought new export markets for its extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves, which have yet to be fully exploited. Turkmenistan's reliance on gas exports has made the economy vulnerable to fluctuations in the global energy market, and economic hardships since the drop in energy prices in 2014 have led many citizens of Turkmenistan to emigrate, mostly to Turkey.
Geography
Location
Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan
Map references
Asia
Area
total: 488,100 sq km
land: 469,930 sq km
water: 18,170 sq km
land: 469,930 sq km
water: 18,170 sq km
Area - comparative
slightly more than three times the size of Georgia; slightly larger than California
Land boundaries
total: 4,158 km
border countries: Afghanistan 804 km; Iran 1,148 km; Kazakhstan 413 km; Uzbekistan 1,793 km
border countries: Afghanistan 804 km; Iran 1,148 km; Kazakhstan 413 km; Uzbekistan 1,793 km
Coastline
0 km (landlocked)
note: note: Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)
note: note: Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)
Maritime claims
none (landlocked)
Climate
subtropical desert
Terrain
flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west
Elevation
highest point: Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m
lowest point: Vpadina Akchanaya (Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya, the lake has dropped as low as -110 m) -81 m
mean elevation: 230 m
lowest point: Vpadina Akchanaya (Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya, the lake has dropped as low as -110 m) -81 m
mean elevation: 230 m
Natural resources
petroleum, natural gas, sulfur, salt
Land use
agricultural land: 84.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 3.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 80.8% (2023 est.)
forest: 5% (2023 est.)
other: 10.7% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 3.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 80.8% (2023 est.)
forest: 5% (2023 est.)
other: 10.7% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
16,459 sq km (2012)
Reference: 2012Major lakes (area sq km)
salt water lake(s): Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Azerbaijan, Russia, and Kazakhstan) - 374,000 sq km
Major rivers (by length in km)
Amu Darya (shared with Tajikistan [s], Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan [m]) - 2,620 km
note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: (Aral Sea basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km)
Population distribution
the most densely populated areas are the southern, eastern, and northeastern oases; approximately 50% of the population lives in and around the capital of Ashgabat
Natural hazards
earthquakes; mudslides; droughts; dust storms; floods
Geography - note
landlocked; the western and central low-lying desolate portions of the country make up the great Garagum (Kara-Kum) desert, which occupies over 80% of the country; eastern part is plateau
Population & Society
Nationality
noun: Turkmenistani(s)
adjective: Turkmenistani
adjective: Turkmenistani
Ethnic groups
Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003 est.)
Reference: 2003Languages
Languages: Turkmen (official) 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%
major-language sample(s): Dünýä Faktlar Kitaby – esasy maglumatlaryň wajyp çeşmesidir (Turkmen)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
major-language sample(s): Dünýä Faktlar Kitaby – esasy maglumatlaryň wajyp çeşmesidir (Turkmen)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Muslim 93%, Christian 6.4%, Buddhist
Age structure
0-14 years: 24.5% (male 711,784/female 692,967)
15-64 years: 68.6% (male 1,956,740/female 1,984,333)
65 years and over: 6.9% (2024 est.) (male 174,346/female 223,981)
Reference: 202415-64 years: 68.6% (male 1,956,740/female 1,984,333)
65 years and over: 6.9% (2024 est.) (male 174,346/female 223,981)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 45.8 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 35.6 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 10.1 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 9.9 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024youth dependency ratio: 35.6 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 10.1 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 9.9 (2024 est.)
Median age
total: 31.2 years (2024 est.)
male: 30.7 years
female: 31.7 years
Reference: 2024male: 30.7 years
female: 31.7 years
Population growth rate
0.92% (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Birth rate
16.8 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Death rate
6 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Population distribution
the most densely populated areas are the southern, eastern, and northeastern oases; approximately 50% of the population lives in and around the capital of Ashgabat
Major urban areas - population
902,000 ASHGABAT (capital) (2023)
Reference: 2023Sex ratio
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Reference: 20240-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
24.2 years (2019)
Reference: 2019Maternal mortality ratio
5 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Gross reproduction rate
0.99 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Drinking water source
improved: urban: urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 5.6% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 8.5% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 8.5% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
1.93 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Reference: 2023Hospital bed density
4 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Reference: 2021Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: urban: 99.8% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0.2% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0.2% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
18.6% (2016)
Reference: 2016Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 2.88 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 0.65 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 1.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 0.98 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019beer: 0.65 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 1.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 0.98 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use
total: 4.8% (2025 est.)
male: 9.4% (2025 est.)
female: 0.5% (2025 est.)
male: 9.4% (2025 est.)
female: 0.5% (2025 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
3.1% (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019Currently married women (ages 15-49)
64.3% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Child marriage
women married by age 15: 0.2% (2019)
women married by age 18: 6.1% (2019)
Reference: 2019women married by age 18: 6.1% (2019)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 13 years (2023 est.)
male: 12 years (2022 est.)
female: 12 years (2022 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2022male: 12 years (2022 est.)
female: 12 years (2022 est.)
Migration & Displacement
Immigrant/emigrant stock measures the number of international migrants resident in, or originating from, the country; it is not the same as annual immigration/emigration flows.
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 3,409 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Government & Politics
| Office | Holder | Affiliation | From | Status | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Head of state | Serdar Berdimuhamedow | — | 2022-03-19 | Current | Reported |
| Head of government | Serdar Berdimuhamedow | — | 2022-03-19 | Current | Reported |
Country name
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Turkmenistan
local long form: none
local short form: Turkmenistan
former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
etymology: the suffix -stan means "land," so the country name means the "Land of the Turkmen [people];" the people's name means "Turk-like," from the Persian words tork and mandan, referring to their formerly nomadic lifestyle that differed from the settled Turks of Turkey
conventional short form: Turkmenistan
local long form: none
local short form: Turkmenistan
former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
etymology: the suffix -stan means "land," so the country name means the "Land of the Turkmen [people];" the people's name means "Turk-like," from the Persian words tork and mandan, referring to their formerly nomadic lifestyle that differed from the settled Turks of Turkey
Capital
name: Ashgabat (Ashkhabad)
geographic coordinates: 37 57 N, 58 23 E
time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: derived from the Turkmen words ushq, meaning "love," and abad, meaning "inhabited place" or "town;" the city was originally a military outpost built in 1881 that took its name from an ancient settlement on the site
geographic coordinates: 37 57 N, 58 23 E
time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: derived from the Turkmen words ushq, meaning "love," and abad, meaning "inhabited place" or "town;" the city was originally a military outpost built in 1881 that took its name from an ancient settlement on the site
Administrative divisions
5 provinces (velayatlar, singular - velayat) and 1 independent city*: Ahal Velayat (Arkadag), Ashgabat*, Balkan Velayat (Balkanabat), Dashoguz Velayat, Lebap Velayat (Turkmenabat), Mary Velayat
note: note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers; exceptions show the administrative center name in parentheses
note: note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers; exceptions show the administrative center name in parentheses
Legal system
civil law system with Islamic (sharia) law influences
Constitution
history: several previous; latest adopted 14 September 2016
amendment process: proposed by the Assembly or Mejlis; passage requires two-thirds majority vote or absolute majority approval in a referendum
Reference: 2016amendment process: proposed by the Assembly or Mejlis; passage requires two-thirds majority vote or absolute majority approval in a referendum
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Turkmenistan
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 7 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Turkmenistan
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 7 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch
chief of state: President Serdar BERDIMUHAMEDOV (since 19 March 2022)
head of government: President Serdar BERDIMUHAMEDOV (since 19 March 2022)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 7-year term (no term limits)
most recent election date: 12 March 2022
election results: 2022: Serdar BERDIMUHAMEDOV elected president; percent of vote - Serdar BERDIMUHAMEDOV (DPT) 73%, Khydyr NUNNAYEV (independent) 11.1%, Agadzhan BEKMYRADOV (IAP) 7.2%, other 8.7%
2017: Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOV reelected president in the first round; percent of vote - Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOV (DPT) 97.7%, other 2.3%
expected date of next election: 2029
note: note: the president is both chief of state and head of government
Reference: 2029, 2022, 2017head of government: President Serdar BERDIMUHAMEDOV (since 19 March 2022)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 7-year term (no term limits)
most recent election date: 12 March 2022
election results: 2022: Serdar BERDIMUHAMEDOV elected president; percent of vote - Serdar BERDIMUHAMEDOV (DPT) 73%, Khydyr NUNNAYEV (independent) 11.1%, Agadzhan BEKMYRADOV (IAP) 7.2%, other 8.7%
2017: Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOV reelected president in the first round; percent of vote - Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOV (DPT) 97.7%, other 2.3%
expected date of next election: 2029
note: note: the president is both chief of state and head of government
Legislative branch
legislature name: Assembly (Mejlis)
legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 56 (48 indirectly elected; 8 appointed)
electoral system: plurality/majority
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 3/28/2021
parties elected and seats per party: Democratic Party of Turkmenistan (DPT) (65); Groups of citizens of Turkmenistan (28); Agrarian Party (24); Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (8)
percentage of women in chamber: 25.5%
expected date of next election: March 2028
Reference: 2028, 2021legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 56 (48 indirectly elected; 8 appointed)
electoral system: plurality/majority
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 3/28/2021
parties elected and seats per party: Democratic Party of Turkmenistan (DPT) (65); Groups of citizens of Turkmenistan (28); Agrarian Party (24); Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (8)
percentage of women in chamber: 25.5%
expected date of next election: March 2028
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court of Turkmenistan (consists of the court president and 21 associate judges and organized into civil, criminal, and military chambers)
judge selection and term of office: judges appointed by the president for 5-year terms
subordinate courts: High Commercial Court; appellate courts; provincial, district, and city courts; military courts
judge selection and term of office: judges appointed by the president for 5-year terms
subordinate courts: High Commercial Court; appellate courts; provincial, district, and city courts; military courts
Political parties
Agrarian Party of Turkmenistan or TAP
Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Turkmenistan or TSTP
The Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or TDP
note: note: all parties support President BERDIMUHAMEDOV; unofficial, small opposition movements exist abroad
Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Turkmenistan or TSTP
The Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or TDP
note: note: all parties support President BERDIMUHAMEDOV; unofficial, small opposition movements exist abroad
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Meret ORAZOV (since 14 February 2001)
chancery: 2207 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 588-1500
FAX: [1] (202) 588-1500
email address and website: turkmenembassyus@verizon.net
https://usa.tmembassy.gov.tm/en
Reference: 2001chancery: 2207 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 588-1500
FAX: [1] (202) 588-1500
email address and website: turkmenembassyus@verizon.net
https://usa.tmembassy.gov.tm/en
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Elizabeth ROOD (since 31 July 2024)
embassy: 9 1984 Street (formerly Pushkin Street), Ashgabat 744000
mailing address: 7070 Ashgabat Place, Washington, DC 20521-7070
telephone: [993] (12) 94-00-45
FAX: [993] (12) 94-26-14
email address and website: ConsularAshgab@state.gov
https://tm.usembassy.gov/
Reference: 2024, 1984embassy: 9 1984 Street (formerly Pushkin Street), Ashgabat 744000
mailing address: 7070 Ashgabat Place, Washington, DC 20521-7070
telephone: [993] (12) 94-00-45
FAX: [993] (12) 94-26-14
email address and website: ConsularAshgab@state.gov
https://tm.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
ADB, CIS (associate member, has not ratified the 1993 CIS charter although it participates in meetings and held the chairmanship of the CIS in 2012), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO
Reference: 2012, 1993Independence
27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
Reference: 1991National holiday
Independence Day, 27 October (1991)
Reference: 1991Flag
description: green field with a vertical red stripe near the left side; the stripe has five tribal guls (designs used in producing carpets) stacked above two crossed olive branches; five five-pointed white stars and a white crescent moon appear in the upper left corner of the main field
meaning: the green color and crescent moon stand for Islam, the five stars for the country's regions, and the guls for national identity
meaning: the green color and crescent moon stand for Islam, the five stars for the country's regions, and the guls for national identity
National symbol(s)
Akhal-Teke horse
National color(s)
green, white
National anthem(s)
title: "Garaşsyz, Bitarap Türkmenistanyň" (Independent, Neutral, Turkmenistan State Anthem)
lyrics/music: collective/Veli MUKHATOV
history: adopted 1997; lyrics revised in 2008 to eliminate references to deceased President Saparmurat NYYAZOW
Reference: 2008, 1997lyrics/music: collective/Veli MUKHATOV
history: adopted 1997; lyrics revised in 2008 to eliminate references to deceased President Saparmurat NYYAZOW
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites: 5 (4 cultural, 1 natural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Ancient Merv (c); Kunya-Urgench (c); Parthian Fortresses of Nisa (c); Cold Winter Deserts of Turan (n); Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor (c)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Ancient Merv (c); Kunya-Urgench (c); Parthian Fortresses of Nisa (c); Cold Winter Deserts of Turan (n); Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor (c)
Government & Official Links
| Institution | Official website | X / Twitter | Verification |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turkmenistan official website | Official website | — | Reported · source Checked September 20, 2026 |
Institutional accounts only; personal accounts of political office-holders are excluded.
Legislature & Elections
Legislature
| Name | Chamber | Seats | Electoral system |
|---|---|---|---|
| National Council of Turkmenistan | — | — | — |
Economy
Economic overview
upper middle-income Central Asian economy; has 10% of global natural gas reserves, exporting to Russia and China; natural resource rich; authoritarian and dominated by state-owned enterprises; major central-south Asian pipeline development
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $134.555 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $131.576 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $123.778 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2017 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2017Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $131.576 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $123.778 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2017 dollars
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2024: $18,000 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $17,900 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $17,100 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2017 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2017Real GDP per capita 2023: $17,900 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $17,100 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2017 dollars
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 11.5% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021: 19.5% (2021 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020: 6.1% (2020 est.)
note: note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Reference: 2022, 2021, 2020Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021: 19.5% (2021 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020: 6.1% (2020 est.)
note: note: annual % change based on consumer prices
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 11.3% (2023 est.)
industry: 39.3% (2023 est.)
services: 49.4% (2023 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Reference: 2023industry: 39.3% (2023 est.)
services: 49.4% (2023 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Agricultural products
milk, wheat, potatoes, cotton, watermelons, tomatoes, grapes, barley, beef, lamb/mutton (2023)
note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Reference: 2023note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing
Labor force
2.445 million (2024 est.)
note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Reference: 2024note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 9.6% (2024 est.)
male: 14.7% (2024 est.)
female: 6% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Reference: 2024male: 14.7% (2024 est.)
female: 6% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Average household expenditures
on food: 36.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 2.2% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023on alcohol and tobacco: 2.2% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Remittances
Remittances 2023: 0% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 0% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2021: 0% of GDP (2021 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Reference: 2023, 2022, 2021Remittances 2022: 0% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2021: 0% of GDP (2021 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget
revenues: $5.954 billion (2019 est.)
expenditures: $6.134 billion (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019expenditures: $6.134 billion (2019 est.)
Public debt
Public debt 2016: 24.1% of GDP (2016 est.)
Reference: 2016Exports
Exports 2023: $13.111 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $14.67 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2021: $10.282 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: GDP expenditure basis - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2023, 2022, 2021Exports 2022: $14.67 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2021: $10.282 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: GDP expenditure basis - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
China 63%, Turkey 11%, Greece 7%, Uzbekistan 6%, Azerbaijan 4% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
natural gas, refined petroleum, fertilizers, crude petroleum, electricity (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2023: $7.563 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $7.362 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2021: $6.25 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: GDP expenditure basis - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2023, 2022, 2021Imports 2022: $7.362 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2021: $6.25 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: GDP expenditure basis - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
Turkey 21%, UAE 21%, China 20%, Kazakhstan 8%, Germany 5% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
broadcasting equipment, cars, wheat, computers, iron pipes (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Debt - external
Debt - external 2023: $3.696 billion (2023 est.)
note: note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Exchange rates
Currency: Turkmenistani manat (TMM) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2017: 4.125 (2017 est.)
Exchange rates 2016: 3.5 (2016 est.)
Exchange rates 2015: 3.5 (2015 est.)
Exchange rates 2014: 3.5 (2014 est.)
Reference: 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014Exchange rates 2017: 4.125 (2017 est.)
Exchange rates 2016: 3.5 (2016 est.)
Exchange rates 2015: 3.5 (2015 est.)
Exchange rates 2014: 3.5 (2014 est.)
Trade
Exports
Exports 2023: $13.111 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $14.67 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2021: $10.282 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: GDP expenditure basis - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2023, 2022, 2021Exports 2022: $14.67 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2021: $10.282 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: GDP expenditure basis - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
China 63%, Turkey 11%, Greece 7%, Uzbekistan 6%, Azerbaijan 4% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
natural gas, refined petroleum, fertilizers, crude petroleum, electricity (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2023: $7.563 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $7.362 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2021: $6.25 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: GDP expenditure basis - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2023, 2022, 2021Imports 2022: $7.362 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2021: $6.25 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: GDP expenditure basis - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
Turkey 21%, UAE 21%, China 20%, Kazakhstan 8%, Germany 5% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
broadcasting equipment, cars, wheat, computers, iron pipes (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Energy & Resources
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 6.512 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 21.526 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 9 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 3.258 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 21.526 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 9 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 3.258 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 100% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Coal
imports: 200 metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 799.999 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023proven reserves: 799.999 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
total petroleum production: 272,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 152,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 600 million barrels (2021 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2021refined petroleum consumption: 152,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 600 million barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas
production: 84.277 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption: 44.936 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 41.334 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 11.327 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2021consumption: 44.936 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 41.334 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 11.327 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 261.142 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Infrastructure
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 802,000 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10 (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10 (2022 est.)
Health
Maternal mortality ratio
5 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 5.6% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 8.5% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 8.5% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
1.93 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Reference: 2023Hospital bed density
4 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Reference: 2021Obesity - adult prevalence rate
18.6% (2016)
Reference: 2016Tobacco use
total: 4.8% (2025 est.)
male: 9.4% (2025 est.)
female: 0.5% (2025 est.)
male: 9.4% (2025 est.)
female: 0.5% (2025 est.)
Education
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 13 years (2023 est.)
male: 12 years (2022 est.)
female: 12 years (2022 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2022male: 12 years (2022 est.)
female: 12 years (2022 est.)
Rights, Freedoms & Society
Press & Media Freedom
V-Dem expert-coded/modelled source measures. Knelstrom does not create a press-freedom ranking or composite score.
LGBTQ+ Rights & Law
Concrete legal-status fields only; Knelstrom does not generate an LGBTQ rights score or country ranking.
Source: Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory (CC BY-SA 4.0). Community-edited legal-status summary; retrieved by Knelstrom and not legal advice.
Crime & Justice
Legal system
civil law system with Islamic (sharia) law influences
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court of Turkmenistan (consists of the court president and 21 associate judges and organized into civil, criminal, and military chambers)
judge selection and term of office: judges appointed by the president for 5-year terms
subordinate courts: High Commercial Court; appellate courts; provincial, district, and city courts; military courts
judge selection and term of office: judges appointed by the president for 5-year terms
subordinate courts: High Commercial Court; appellate courts; provincial, district, and city courts; military courts
Military & Security
Military and security forces
Armed Forces of Turkmenistan (aka Turkmen National Army): Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy
Ministry of Internal Affairs: Internal Troops, Turkmen (National) Police, Federal/State Border Guard Service (2024)
Reference: 2024Ministry of Internal Affairs: Internal Troops, Turkmen (National) Police, Federal/State Border Guard Service (2024)
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2019: 1.9% of GDP (2019 est.)
Military Expenditures 2018: 1.8% of GDP (2018 est.)
Military Expenditures 2017: 1.8% of GDP (2017 est.)
Military Expenditures 2016: 1.8% of GDP (2016 est.)
Military Expenditures 2015: 1.5% of GDP (2015 est.)
Reference: 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016Military Expenditures 2018: 1.8% of GDP (2018 est.)
Military Expenditures 2017: 1.8% of GDP (2017 est.)
Military Expenditures 2016: 1.8% of GDP (2016 est.)
Military Expenditures 2015: 1.5% of GDP (2015 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
limited available information; estimated 35,000 active Armed Forces (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military's inventory is comprised largely of Russian and Soviet-era weapons and equipment with smaller quantities of military systems from suppliers such as Brazil, China, Italy, and Turkey (2024)
Reference: 2024Military service age and obligation
18-27 years of age for compulsory military service for men and volunteer service for men and women; 24-month conscript service obligation (2025)
Military - note
the military is responsible for external defense and works closely with the Border Service on protecting the country’s borders; areas of emphasis for the military include border security, competition on the Caspian Sea, regional stability, and military modernization; while Turkmenistan has a policy of permanent and "positive" neutrality and has declined to participate in post-Soviet military groupings such as the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, it has participated in multinational exercises and bilateral training with neighboring countries, including Russia and Uzbekistan; Turkmenistan joined NATO's Partnership for Peace program in 1994, but it does not offer any military forces to NATO-led operations (2025)
Reference: 2025, 1994International Relations
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Meret ORAZOV (since 14 February 2001)
chancery: 2207 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 588-1500
FAX: [1] (202) 588-1500
email address and website: turkmenembassyus@verizon.net
https://usa.tmembassy.gov.tm/en
Reference: 2001chancery: 2207 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 588-1500
FAX: [1] (202) 588-1500
email address and website: turkmenembassyus@verizon.net
https://usa.tmembassy.gov.tm/en
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Elizabeth ROOD (since 31 July 2024)
embassy: 9 1984 Street (formerly Pushkin Street), Ashgabat 744000
mailing address: 7070 Ashgabat Place, Washington, DC 20521-7070
telephone: [993] (12) 94-00-45
FAX: [993] (12) 94-26-14
email address and website: ConsularAshgab@state.gov
https://tm.usembassy.gov/
Reference: 2024, 1984embassy: 9 1984 Street (formerly Pushkin Street), Ashgabat 744000
mailing address: 7070 Ashgabat Place, Washington, DC 20521-7070
telephone: [993] (12) 94-00-45
FAX: [993] (12) 94-26-14
email address and website: ConsularAshgab@state.gov
https://tm.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
ADB, CIS (associate member, has not ratified the 1993 CIS charter although it participates in meetings and held the chairmanship of the CIS in 2012), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO
Reference: 2012, 1993Treaties & Organisations
| Organisation | Status | Joined |
|---|---|---|
| Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) | member | 1992-01-30 |
| United Nations (UN) | member | 1992-03-02 |
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
International organization participation
ADB, CIS (associate member, has not ratified the 1993 CIS charter although it participates in meetings and held the chairmanship of the CIS in 2012), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO
Reference: 2012, 1993Conflict & Security
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 3,409 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Trafficking in persons
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List — Turkmenistan does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so, therefore Turkmenistan was upgraded to Tier 2 Watch List; for more details, go to: https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-trafficking-in-persons-report/turkmenistan/
Transportation & Logistics
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
EZ
Airports
23 (2025)
Heliports
25 (2025)
Railways
total: 5,113 km (2017)
broad gauge: 5,113 km (2017) 1.520-m gauge
Reference: 2017broad gauge: 5,113 km (2017) 1.520-m gauge
Merchant marine
total: 73 (2023)
by type: general cargo 6, oil tanker 8, other 59
Reference: 2023by type: general cargo 6, oil tanker 8, other 59
Environment
Environmental issues
soil and groundwater pollution from agricultural chemicals and pesticides; salination, waterlogging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; river diversion for irrigation; soil erosion; desertification
International environmental agreements
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Climate
subtropical desert
Land use
agricultural land: 84.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 3.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 80.8% (2023 est.)
forest: 5% (2023 est.)
other: 10.7% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 3.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 80.8% (2023 est.)
forest: 5% (2023 est.)
other: 10.7% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 54% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 2.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2020rate of urbanization: 2.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions: 106.215 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 100 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 18.062 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 88.153 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023from coal and metallurgical coke: 100 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 18.062 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 88.153 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
28.1 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019Methane emissions
energy: 5,451.4 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture: 294.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 44.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 1.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022, 2021, 2019agriculture: 294.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 44.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 1.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 500,000 tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 15.3% (2022 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 15.3% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 453.5 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial: 806.765 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 16.12 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022industrial: 806.765 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 16.12 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total renewable water resources
24.765 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022Communications & Media
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 802,000 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10 (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10 (2022 est.)
Broadcast media
state-controlled broadcast media; 7 state-owned TV and 4 state-owned radio networks; satellite dishes available for other broadcasts; officials sometimes limit access to satellite TV by removing satellite dishes
Internet country code
.tm
Historical Trends
Population
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Population data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 6,360,041 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 6,507,061 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 6,655,524 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 6,803,944 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 6,949,912 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 7,092,043 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 7,230,193 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 7,364,438 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 7,494,498 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 7,618,847 | world_bank_wdi |
GDP (current US$)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View GDP (current US$) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | $33,313,947,368 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | $33,352,261,307 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | $26,036,313,869 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | $29,700,000,000 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | $27,350,527,268 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | $26,334,182,094 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | $37,583,913,148 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | $39,020,211,240 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | $44,249,447,717 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | $49,828,621,356 | world_bank_wdi |
International migrant stock (immigrants)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International migrant stock (immigrants) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 194,920 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 193,763 | world_bank_wdi |
International emigrant stock
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International emigrant stock data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 293,445 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 1995 | 303,119 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2000 | 320,900 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2005 | 335,113 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2010 | 342,391 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2015 | 317,031 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2020 | 384,184 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2024 | 365,787 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
Net migration
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Net migration data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 13,365 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 16,678 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 19,293 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 19,735 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 19,913 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 17,617 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 14,141 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 15,005 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 14,646 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 13,268 | world_bank_wdi |
Sources & Methodology
Current statistical observations include their reference period and provenance. Reference fields from approved source datasets are attributed below. Missing information is left unknown rather than inferred.
| Indicator | Value | Period | Source | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 7,618,847 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| UN Population Division population estimate | 7,736,632 | 2026 | UN Population Division Data Portal | Estimated |
| Wikidata population (fallback) | 6,117,933 | 2021 | Wikidata | Reported |
| International migrant stock (immigrants) | 193,763 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International migrant stock | 2.6% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International emigrant stock | 365,787 | 2024 | UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2024 | Estimated |
| Net migration | 13,268 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Refugees hosted | 46 | 2012 | UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics | Verified |
| Asylum seekers hosted | 0 | 2012 | UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics | Verified |
| Refugees from this country | 1,864 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Asylum seekers from this country | 1,663 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Freedom of expression & alternative information index | 0.038 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Government censorship effort — media | -2.720 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Harassment of journalists | -2.203 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Print/broadcast media critical of government | -2.707 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Range of perspectives in major media | -2.223 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media bias | -2.770 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media self-censorship | -1.799 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Same-sex sexual activity | No No Male illegal since 1927; Penalty: up to 2 years imprisonment.; Yes Yes Female always legal | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Recognition of same-sex relationships | No No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex marriage | No No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex adoption | No No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Open military service | No No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law | No No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Gender identity / expression law | No No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| GDP (current US$) | $49,828,621,356 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP per capita (current US$) | $6,540 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP growth | 6.3% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Unemployment | 4.3% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Income level | Upper middle income | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Life expectancy at birth | 70.2 years | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fertility rate | 2.7 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Urban population | 47.1% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Individuals using the Internet | 18.0% | 2016 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Exports of goods and services | 14.5% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Imports of goods and services | 13.7% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Trade | 28.2% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Adult literacy rate | 99.9% | 2022 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secondary school enrolment, gross | 94.6% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Government education expenditure | 4.3% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Access to electricity | 100.0% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Electric power consumption | 2,778 kWh/person | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Renewable energy consumption | 0.1% | 2021 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Current health expenditure | 5.5% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Infant mortality rate | 30.4 per 1,000 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Forest area | 8.8% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Mobile cellular subscriptions | 88.2 per 100 | 2021 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fixed broadband subscriptions | 5.2 per 100 | 2022 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secure Internet servers | 188 per million | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude | 37.9509° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Longitude | 58.3794° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude (Wikidata) | 39.0000° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Longitude (Wikidata) | 60.0000° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Time zone | UTC+05:00, Asia/Ashgabat | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Form of government | republic, presidential system | current | Wikidata | Reported |
Data attribution
Credits below are generated from sources actually used by this country profile. Source-specific terms take precedence.
- CIA World Factbook, final 2025 country profile (structured via factbook.json). Accessed September 20, 2026. U.S. Government public-domain data; retained as a reference source where a newer approved field is not available. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, International Migrant Stock 2024; data access/processing via Our World in Data. Accessed September 20, 2026. Underlying UN dataset used under CC BY 3.0 IGO. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects (WPP indicator 49) Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 3.0 IGO; current-year WPP population values are presented as estimates/projections where applicable. Source · Terms/licence
- UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics Database. Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 4.0 except where a dataset identifies a different source or licence. Source · Terms/licence
- Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), Country-Year Dataset v16 (variables: v2mebias, v2mecenefm, v2mecrit, v2meharjrn, v2merange, v2meslfcen, v2x_freexp_altinf) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0; V-Dem measures are expert-coded/modelled and no V-Dem endorsement is implied. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikidata structured data (CC0). Accessed September 20, 2026. Attribution is provided by Knelstrom for provenance although CC0 does not require it. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikipedia, “LGBTQ rights by country or territory” (source revision/data fields: Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Gender identity / expression law, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Open military service, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Recognition of same-sex relationships, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex adoption, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex marriage, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex sexual activity, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0. Knelstrom changes formatting and presents the imported material as a community-edited legal-status summary, not legal advice or a Knelstrom rights score. Source · Terms/licence
- World Bank, World Development Indicators (series: AG.LND.FRST.ZS, country_metadata, EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS, EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS, EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC, IT.CEL.SETS.P2, IT.NET.BBND.P2, IT.NET.SECR.P6, IT.NET.USER.ZS, NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS, NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS, NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS, NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG, NY.GDP.PCAP.CD, SE.ADT.LITR.ZS, SE.SEC.ENRR, SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS, SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS, SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS, SM.POP.ASYS.EO, SM.POP.NETM, SM.POP.RHCR.EO, SM.POP.TOTL, SM.POP.TOTL.ZS, SP.DYN.IMRT.IN, SP.DYN.LE00.IN, SP.DYN.TFRT.IN, SP.POP.TOTL, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS) Accessed September 20, 2026. Data used under CC BY 4.0; Knelstrom presentation/formatting may differ from the source. Source · Terms/licence
Knelstrom does not imply endorsement by any listed data provider.
Last automated statistical refresh: 2026-09-20 02:10:33