Knelstrom Intelligence · World Factbook
Türkiye
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti
CapitalAnkara
Population85,878,556
GDP$1.60tn
Area783,562 km²
RegionEurope & Central Asia
Data sources current · last checked September 20, 2026 2:11 am
Country facts
Overview
Background
Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the remnants of the Ottoman Empire by reformer and national hero Mustafa KEMAL, known as Ataturk or "Father of the Turks." One-party rule ended in 1950, and periods of instability and military coups have since fractured the multiparty democracy, in 1960, 1971, 1980, 1997, and 2016.
Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and NATO in 1952. In 1963, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community; it began accession talks with the EU in 2005. Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which only Turkey recognizes. The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), a US-designated terrorist organization, began a separatist insurgency in Turkey in 1984, and the struggle has long dominated the attention of Turkish security forces. In 2013, the Turkish Government and the PKK conducted negotiations aimed at ending the violence, but intense fighting resumed in 2015.
The Turkish Government conducted a referendum in 2017 in which voters approved constitutional amendments changing Turkey from a parliamentary to a presidential system.
Reference: 2017, 2016, 2015, 2013Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and NATO in 1952. In 1963, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community; it began accession talks with the EU in 2005. Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which only Turkey recognizes. The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), a US-designated terrorist organization, began a separatist insurgency in Turkey in 1984, and the struggle has long dominated the attention of Turkish security forces. In 2013, the Turkish Government and the PKK conducted negotiations aimed at ending the violence, but intense fighting resumed in 2015.
The Turkish Government conducted a referendum in 2017 in which voters approved constitutional amendments changing Turkey from a parliamentary to a presidential system.
Geography
Location
Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria
Map references
Middle East
Area
total: 783,562 sq km
land: 769,632 sq km
water: 13,930 sq km
land: 769,632 sq km
water: 13,930 sq km
Area - comparative
slightly larger than Texas
Land boundaries
total: 2,816 km
border countries: Armenia 311 km; Azerbaijan 17 km; Bulgaria 223 km; Georgia 273 km; Greece 192 km; Iran 534 km; Iraq 367 km; Syria 899 km
border countries: Armenia 311 km; Azerbaijan 17 km; Bulgaria 223 km; Georgia 273 km; Greece 192 km; Iran 534 km; Iraq 367 km; Syria 899 km
Coastline
7,200 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Sea
exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed on with the former USSR
note: note: 12 nm in Black Sea and in Mediterranean Sea
exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed on with the former USSR
note: note: 12 nm in Black Sea and in Mediterranean Sea
Climate
temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
Terrain
high central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain; several mountain ranges
Elevation
highest point: Mount Ararat 5,137 m
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
mean elevation: 1,132 m
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
mean elevation: 1,132 m
Natural resources
coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower
Land use
agricultural land: 50.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 26.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 4.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 19% (2023 est.)
forest: 29.3% (2023 est.)
other: 20.5% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 26.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 4.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 19% (2023 est.)
forest: 29.3% (2023 est.)
other: 20.5% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
52,150 sq km (2022)
Reference: 2022Major lakes (area sq km)
fresh water lake(s): Lake Beysehir - 650 sq km; Lake Egridir - 520 sq km
salt water lake(s): Lake Van - 3,740 sq km; Lake Tuz - 1,640 sq km;
salt water lake(s): Lake Van - 3,740 sq km; Lake Tuz - 1,640 sq km;
Major rivers (by length in km)
Euphrates river source (shared with Syria, Iran, and Iraq [m]) - 3,596 km; Tigris river source (shared with Syria, Iran, and Iraq [m]) - 1,950 km
note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)
Population distribution
the most densely populated area is found around the Bosporus in the northwest, where 20% of the population lives in Istanbul; with the exception of Ankara, urban centers remain small and scattered throughout the interior of Anatolia; an overall pattern of peripheral development exists, particularly along the Aegean Sea coast in the west, and the Tigris and Euphrates River systems in the southeast
Natural hazards
severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van; landslides; flooding
volcanism: limited volcanic activity; the three historically active volcanoes (Ararat, Nemrut Dagi, and Tendurek Dagi) have not erupted since the 19th century or earlier
volcanism: limited volcanic activity; the three historically active volcanoes (Ararat, Nemrut Dagi, and Tendurek Dagi) have not erupted since the 19th century or earlier
Geography - note
strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link the Black and Aegean Seas; the 3% of Turkish territory north of the Straits lies in Europe and goes by the names of European Turkey, Eastern Thrace, or Turkish Thrace; the 97% of the country in Asia is referred to as Anatolia; Istanbul, which straddles the Bosporus, is the only metropolis in the world located on two continents; Mount Ararat, reputed to be the landing place of Noah's ark, is in the far-eastern part of the country
Population & Society
Nationality
noun: Turk(s)
adjective: Turkish
adjective: Turkish
Ethnic groups
Turkish 70-75%, Kurdish 19%, other minorities 6-11% (2016 est.)
Reference: 2016Languages
Languages: Turkish (official), Kurdish, other minority languages
major-language sample(s): The World Factbook, temel bilgi edinmek için vazgeçilmez bir kaynak. (Turkish)
ڕاستییەکانی جیهان، باشترین سەرچاوەیە بۆ زانیارییە بنەڕەتییەکان (Kurdish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
major-language sample(s): The World Factbook, temel bilgi edinmek için vazgeçilmez bir kaynak. (Turkish)
ڕاستییەکانی جیهان، باشترین سەرچاوەیە بۆ زانیارییە بنەڕەتییەکان (Kurdish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews)
Age structure
0-14 years: 21.7% (male 9,358,711/female 8,933,673)
15-64 years: 68.6% (male 29,219,389/female 28,494,315)
65 years and over: 9.6% (2024 est.) (male 3,669,330/female 4,444,113)
Reference: 202415-64 years: 68.6% (male 29,219,389/female 28,494,315)
65 years and over: 9.6% (2024 est.) (male 3,669,330/female 4,444,113)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 45.8 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 31.7 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 14.1 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 7.1 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024youth dependency ratio: 31.7 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 14.1 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 7.1 (2024 est.)
Median age
total: 34 years (2024 est.)
male: 33.4 years
female: 34.6 years
Reference: 2024male: 33.4 years
female: 34.6 years
Population growth rate
0.61% (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Birth rate
13.8 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Death rate
6.1 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Population distribution
the most densely populated area is found around the Bosporus in the northwest, where 20% of the population lives in Istanbul; with the exception of Ankara, urban centers remain small and scattered throughout the interior of Anatolia; an overall pattern of peripheral development exists, particularly along the Aegean Sea coast in the west, and the Tigris and Euphrates River systems in the southeast
Major urban areas - population
15.848 million Istanbul, 5.397 million ANKARA (capital), 3.088 million Izmir, 2.086 million Bursa, 1.836 million Adana, 1.805 million Gaziantep (2023)
Reference: 2023Sex ratio
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Reference: 20240-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
26.6 years (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020Maternal mortality ratio
15 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Gross reproduction rate
0.92 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Drinking water source
improved: urban: urban: 97.3% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 96% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 97% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 2.7% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 3% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 96% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 97% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 2.7% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 3% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 4.6% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 10% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 10% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
2.24 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Reference: 2022Hospital bed density
3 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: urban: 99.8% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 98.7% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 99.6% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0.2% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 1.3% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0.4% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 98.7% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 99.6% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0.2% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 1.3% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0.4% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
32.1% (2016)
Reference: 2016Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 1.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 0.67 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 0.35 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019beer: 0.67 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 0.35 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use
total: 30.1% (2025 est.)
male: 40.1% (2025 est.)
female: 20.1% (2025 est.)
male: 40.1% (2025 est.)
female: 20.1% (2025 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
1.5% (2018 est.)
Reference: 2018Currently married women (ages 15-49)
65.4% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Child marriage
women married by age 15: 2% (2018)
women married by age 18: 14.7% (2018)
Reference: 2018women married by age 18: 14.7% (2018)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 20 years (2022 est.)
male: 20 years (2022 est.)
female: 20 years (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022male: 20 years (2022 est.)
female: 20 years (2022 est.)
Migration & Displacement
Immigrant/emigrant stock measures the number of international migrants resident in, or originating from, the country; it is not the same as annual immigration/emigration flows.
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 3,094,818 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 538,105 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 420 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024IDPs: 538,105 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 420 (2024 est.)
Government & Politics
| Office | Holder | Affiliation | From | Status | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Head of government | Recep Tayyip Erdoğan | — | 2018-06-24 | Current | Reported |
| Head of state | Recep Tayyip Erdoğan | — | 2014-08-28 | Current | Reported |
Country name
conventional long form: Republic of Turkey
conventional short form: Turkey
local long form: Turkey Cumhuriyeti
local short form: Turkey
etymology: the name means "Land of the Turks"
note: note: Turkiye is an approved English short-form name for Turkey
conventional short form: Turkey
local long form: Turkey Cumhuriyeti
local short form: Turkey
etymology: the name means "Land of the Turks"
note: note: Turkiye is an approved English short-form name for Turkey
Capital
name: Ankara
geographic coordinates: 39 56 N, 32 52 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: the name probably derives from the Indo-European root word ang, meaning "bend" and relating to the settlement's original location in a winding gorge; the city was referred to as Angora by the 13th century; the name was officially modified to Ankara in 1923 when the Republic of Turkey was founded
Reference: 1923geographic coordinates: 39 56 N, 32 52 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: the name probably derives from the Indo-European root word ang, meaning "bend" and relating to the settlement's original location in a winding gorge; the city was referred to as Angora by the 13th century; the name was officially modified to Ankara in 1923 when the Republic of Turkey was founded
Administrative divisions
81 provinces (iller, singular - ili); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir (Smyrna), Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon (Trebizond), Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak
Legal system
civil law system based on various European systems, notably the Swiss civil code
Constitution
history: several previous; latest ratified 9 November 1982
amendment process: proposed by written consent of at least one third of Grand National Assembly (GNA) of Turkey (TBMM) members; adoption of draft amendments requires two debates in plenary TBMM session and three-fifths majority vote of all GNA members; the president of the republic can request TBMM reconsideration of the amendment and, if readopted by two-thirds majority TBMM vote, the president may submit the amendment to a referendum; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote
Reference: 1982amendment process: proposed by written consent of at least one third of Grand National Assembly (GNA) of Turkey (TBMM) members; adoption of draft amendments requires two debates in plenary TBMM session and three-fifths majority vote of all GNA members; the president of the republic can request TBMM reconsideration of the amendment and, if readopted by two-thirds majority TBMM vote, the president may submit the amendment to a referendum; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Turkey
dual citizenship recognized: yes, but requires prior permission from the government
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Turkey
dual citizenship recognized: yes, but requires prior permission from the government
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch
chief of state: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 28 August 2014)
head of government: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 9 July 2018)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term)
most recent election date: 14 May 2023, with a runoff on 28 May 2023
election results: 2023: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in second round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.2%, Kemal KILICDAROGLU (CHP) 47.8%
2018: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in first round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.6%, Muharrem INCE (CHP) 30.6%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 8.4%, Meral AKSENER (IYI) 7.3%, other 1.1%
expected date of next election: 2028
Reference: 2028, 2023, 2018, 2014head of government: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 9 July 2018)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term)
most recent election date: 14 May 2023, with a runoff on 28 May 2023
election results: 2023: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in second round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.2%, Kemal KILICDAROGLU (CHP) 47.8%
2018: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in first round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.6%, Muharrem INCE (CHP) 30.6%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 8.4%, Meral AKSENER (IYI) 7.3%, other 1.1%
expected date of next election: 2028
Legislative branch
legislature name: Grand National Assembly of Türkiye (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (T.B.M.M))
legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 600 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 5/14/2023
parties elected and seats per party: Justice and Development Party (Ak Party) (267); Republican People's Party (CHP) (130); Green and the Left Party of the Future (YSGP) (57); Nationalist Action Party (MHP) (50); Good Party (İyi Party) (44); Other (52)
percentage of women in chamber: 19.9%
expected date of next election: May 2028
Reference: 2028, 2023legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 600 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 5/14/2023
parties elected and seats per party: Justice and Development Party (Ak Party) (267); Republican People's Party (CHP) (130); Green and the Left Party of the Future (YSGP) (57); Nationalist Action Party (MHP) (50); Good Party (İyi Party) (44); Other (52)
percentage of women in chamber: 19.9%
expected date of next election: May 2028
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Constitutional Court or Anayasa Mahkemesi (consists of the president, 2 vice presidents, and 12 judges); Court of Cassation (consists of about 390 judges and is organized into civil and penal chambers); Council of State (organized into 15 divisions -- 14 judicial and 1 consultative -- each with a division head and at least 5 members)
judge selection and term of office: Constitutional Court members - 3 appointed by the Grand National Assembly and 12 by the president of the republic; court president and 2 deputy court presidents appointed from among its members for 4-year terms; judges serve 12-year, nonrenewable terms with mandatory retirement at age 65; Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Board of Judges and Prosecutors, a 13-member body of judicial officials; Court of Cassation judges serve until retirement at age 65; Council of State members appointed by the Board and by the president of the republic; members serve renewable, 4-year terms
subordinate courts: regional appeals courts; basic (first instance) courts; peace courts; aggravated crime courts; specialized courts, including administrative and audit
judge selection and term of office: Constitutional Court members - 3 appointed by the Grand National Assembly and 12 by the president of the republic; court president and 2 deputy court presidents appointed from among its members for 4-year terms; judges serve 12-year, nonrenewable terms with mandatory retirement at age 65; Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Board of Judges and Prosecutors, a 13-member body of judicial officials; Court of Cassation judges serve until retirement at age 65; Council of State members appointed by the Board and by the president of the republic; members serve renewable, 4-year terms
subordinate courts: regional appeals courts; basic (first instance) courts; peace courts; aggravated crime courts; specialized courts, including administrative and audit
Political parties
Democracy and Progress Party or DEVA
Democrat Party or DP
Democratic Regions Party or DBP
Felicity Party (Saadet Party) or SP
Free Cause Party or HUDA PAR
Future Party (Gelecek Partisi) or GP
Good Party or IYI
Grand Unity Party or BBP
Justice and Development Party or AKP
Labor and Freedom Alliance (electoral alliance includes YSGP, HDP, TIP)
Nationalist Movement Party or MHP
New Welfare Party or YRP
Party of Greens and the Left Future or YSGP
People's Alliance (electoral alliance includes AKP, BBP, MHP, YRP)
Peoples' Democratic Party or HDP
Republican People's Party or CHP
Workers' Party of Turkey or TIP
Democrat Party or DP
Democratic Regions Party or DBP
Felicity Party (Saadet Party) or SP
Free Cause Party or HUDA PAR
Future Party (Gelecek Partisi) or GP
Good Party or IYI
Grand Unity Party or BBP
Justice and Development Party or AKP
Labor and Freedom Alliance (electoral alliance includes YSGP, HDP, TIP)
Nationalist Movement Party or MHP
New Welfare Party or YRP
Party of Greens and the Left Future or YSGP
People's Alliance (electoral alliance includes AKP, BBP, MHP, YRP)
Peoples' Democratic Party or HDP
Republican People's Party or CHP
Workers' Party of Turkey or TIP
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Sedat ÖNAL (since 17 June 2024)
chancery: 2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 612-6700
FAX: [1] (202) 612-6744
email address and website: embassy.washingtondc@mfa.gov.tr
T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı - Turkish Embassy In Washington, D.C. (mfa.gov.tr)
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco
Reference: 2024chancery: 2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 612-6700
FAX: [1] (202) 612-6744
email address and website: embassy.washingtondc@mfa.gov.tr
T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı - Turkish Embassy In Washington, D.C. (mfa.gov.tr)
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas J. BARRACK (since 14 May 2025)
embassy: 1480 Sokak No. 1, Cukurambar Mahallesi, 06530 Cankaya, Ankara
mailing address: 7000 Ankara Place, Washington, DC 20512-7000
telephone: [90] (312) 294-0000
FAX: [90] (312) 467-0019
email address and website: Ankara-ACS@state.gov
https://tr.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Istanbul
consulate(s): Adana
embassy: 1480 Sokak No. 1, Cukurambar Mahallesi, 06530 Cankaya, Ankara
mailing address: 7000 Ankara Place, Washington, DC 20512-7000
telephone: [90] (312) 294-0000
FAX: [90] (312) 467-0019
email address and website: Ankara-ACS@state.gov
https://tr.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Istanbul
consulate(s): Adana
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CPLP (associate observer), D-8, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (candidate country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SCO (dialogue member), SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
note: note: Turkey is an EU candidate country and must complete accession criteria before being granted full membership
note: note: Turkey is an EU candidate country and must complete accession criteria before being granted full membership
Independence
29 October 1923 (republic proclaimed, succeeding the Ottoman Empire)
Reference: 1923National holiday
Republic Day, 29 October (1923)
Reference: 1923Flag
description: red with a vertical white crescent moon and five-pointed white star centered just outside the crescent's opening
meaning: the flag colors and designs closely resemble the Ottoman Empire's flag; the crescent moon and star serve as insignia for Turkic peoples; according to one interpretation, the flag represents the reflection of the moon and a star in a pool of blood of Turkish warriors
meaning: the flag colors and designs closely resemble the Ottoman Empire's flag; the crescent moon and star serve as insignia for Turkic peoples; according to one interpretation, the flag represents the reflection of the moon and a star in a pool of blood of Turkish warriors
National symbol(s)
vertical crescent moon with adjacent five-pointed star
National color(s)
red, white
National anthem(s)
title: "Istiklal Marsi" (The March of Independence)
lyrics/music: Mehmet Akif ERSOY/Zeki UNGOR
history: lyrics adopted 1921, music adopted 1932; the anthem's original music was adopted in 1924
Reference: 1932, 1924, 1921lyrics/music: Mehmet Akif ERSOY/Zeki UNGOR
history: lyrics adopted 1921, music adopted 1932; the anthem's original music was adopted in 1924
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites: 22 (20 cultural, 2 mixed)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Archaeological Site of Troy (c); Ephesus (c); Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape (c); Hierapolis-Pamukkale (m); Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia (m); Göbekli Tepe (c); Historic Areas of Istanbul (c); Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex (c); Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük (c); Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire (c); Gordion (c); Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği (c); Hattusha: the Hittite Capital (c); Nemrut Dağ (c); Xanthos-Letoon (c); City of Safranbolu (c); Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape (c); Archaeological Site of Ani (c); Aphrodisias (c); Arslantepe Mound (c); Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia (c); Turkmenistan (c); Sardis and the Lydian Tumuli of Bin Tepe (c)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Archaeological Site of Troy (c); Ephesus (c); Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape (c); Hierapolis-Pamukkale (m); Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia (m); Göbekli Tepe (c); Historic Areas of Istanbul (c); Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex (c); Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük (c); Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire (c); Gordion (c); Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği (c); Hattusha: the Hittite Capital (c); Nemrut Dağ (c); Xanthos-Letoon (c); City of Safranbolu (c); Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape (c); Archaeological Site of Ani (c); Aphrodisias (c); Arslantepe Mound (c); Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia (c); Turkmenistan (c); Sardis and the Lydian Tumuli of Bin Tepe (c)
Government & Official Links
| Institution | Official website | X / Twitter | Verification |
|---|---|---|---|
| Türkiye official website | Official website | — | Reported · source Checked September 20, 2026 |
Institutional accounts only; personal accounts of political office-holders are excluded.
Legislature & Elections
Legislature
| Name | Chamber | Seats | Electoral system |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grand National Assembly of Turkey | — | 600 | — |
Economy
Economic overview
upper-middle-income, diversified Middle Eastern economy; industrializing economy that maintains large agricultural base; key energy, tourism, and construction sectors; high inflation, interest rates, and foreign debt pose risk to financial stability
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $3.018 trillion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $2.925 trillion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $2.783 trillion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $2.925 trillion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $2.783 trillion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2024: $35,300 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $34,300 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $32,700 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP per capita 2023: $34,300 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $32,700 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 5.6% (2024 est.)
industry: 25.9% (2024 est.)
services: 56.8% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Reference: 2024industry: 25.9% (2024 est.)
services: 56.8% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption: 59.4% (2024 est.)
government consumption: 14.7% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 31% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories: -5.5% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services: 28% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services: -27.8% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Reference: 2024government consumption: 14.7% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 31% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories: -5.5% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services: 28% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services: -27.8% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
sugar beets, wheat, milk, tomatoes, barley, maize, potatoes, apples, grapes, watermelons (2023)
note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Reference: 2023note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
textiles, food processing, automobiles, electronics, mining (coal, chromate, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
Industrial production growth rate
2.2% (2024 est.)
note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Reference: 2024note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Labor force
36.081 million (2024 est.)
note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Reference: 2024note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 15.6% (2024 est.)
male: 12.4% (2024 est.)
female: 21.2% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Reference: 2024male: 12.4% (2024 est.)
female: 21.2% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Population below poverty line
13.9% (2022 est.)
note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Reference: 2022note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022: 44.5 (2022 est.)
note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Reference: 2022note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Average household expenditures
on food: 22.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 2.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023on alcohol and tobacco: 2.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 2.1% (2022 est.)
highest 10%: 35.2% (2022 est.)
note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Reference: 2022highest 10%: 35.2% (2022 est.)
note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances
Remittances 2024: 0.1% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances 2023: 0.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 0.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Remittances 2023: 0.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 0.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget
revenues: $330.21 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures: $382.998 billion (2023 est.)
note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Reference: 2023expenditures: $382.998 billion (2023 est.)
note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Public debt
Public debt 2023: 33.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
note: note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Reference: 2023note: note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Taxes and other revenues
18.5% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Reference: 2023note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: -$9.973 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$39.877 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$46.283 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Current account balance 2023: -$39.877 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$46.283 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2024: $372.756 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $357.588 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $346.602 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Exports 2023: $357.588 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $346.602 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
Germany 9%, USA 6%, UK 6%, UAE 5%, Iraq 5% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
garments, cars, gold, refined petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2024: $367.022 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $386.602 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $383.7 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Imports 2023: $386.602 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $383.7 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
China 13%, Russia 9%, Germany 9%, Switzerland 6%, USA 5% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
gold, refined petroleum, cars, plastics, natural gas (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $154.774 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $140.868 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $128.735 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $140.868 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $128.735 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Debt - external
Debt - external 2023: $149.654 billion (2023 est.)
note: note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Exchange rates
Currency: Turkish liras (TRY) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024: 32.806 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 23.739 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 16.549 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 8.85 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 7.009 (2020 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Exchange rates 2024: 32.806 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 23.739 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 16.549 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 8.85 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 7.009 (2020 est.)
Trade
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: -$9.973 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$39.877 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$46.283 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Current account balance 2023: -$39.877 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$46.283 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2024: $372.756 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $357.588 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $346.602 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Exports 2023: $357.588 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $346.602 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
Germany 9%, USA 6%, UK 6%, UAE 5%, Iraq 5% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
garments, cars, gold, refined petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2024: $367.022 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $386.602 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $383.7 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Imports 2023: $386.602 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $383.7 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
China 13%, Russia 9%, Germany 9%, Switzerland 6%, USA 5% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
gold, refined petroleum, cars, plastics, natural gas (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Energy & Resources
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 106.281 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 285.177 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 1.993 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 5.892 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 28.964 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 285.177 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 1.993 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 5.892 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 28.964 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 57.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 6.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 10.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 19.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
geothermal: 2.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 2.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023solar: 6.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 10.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 19.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
geothermal: 2.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 2.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Nuclear energy
Number of nuclear reactors under construction: 4 (2025)
Coal
production: 82.534 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption: 124.183 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 685,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 41.119 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 10.975 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 124.183 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 685,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 41.119 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 10.975 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
total petroleum production: 83,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 1.107 million bbl/day (2024 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 366 million barrels (2021 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2021refined petroleum consumption: 1.107 million bbl/day (2024 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 366 million barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas
production: 807.281 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption: 50.211 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 896.281 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 50.484 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 3.794 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2021consumption: 50.211 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 896.281 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 50.484 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 3.794 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 70.521 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Infrastructure
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 9.926 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2023 est.)
Health
Maternal mortality ratio
15 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 4.6% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 10% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 10% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
2.24 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Reference: 2022Hospital bed density
3 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020Obesity - adult prevalence rate
32.1% (2016)
Reference: 2016Tobacco use
total: 30.1% (2025 est.)
male: 40.1% (2025 est.)
female: 20.1% (2025 est.)
male: 40.1% (2025 est.)
female: 20.1% (2025 est.)
Education
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 20 years (2022 est.)
male: 20 years (2022 est.)
female: 20 years (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022male: 20 years (2022 est.)
female: 20 years (2022 est.)
Rights, Freedoms & Society
Press & Media Freedom
V-Dem expert-coded/modelled source measures. Knelstrom does not create a press-freedom ranking or composite score.
LGBTQ+ Rights & Law
Concrete legal-status fields only; Knelstrom does not generate an LGBTQ rights score or country ranking.
Source: Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory (CC BY-SA 4.0). Community-edited legal-status summary; retrieved by Knelstrom and not legal advice.
Crime & Justice
Legal system
civil law system based on various European systems, notably the Swiss civil code
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Constitutional Court or Anayasa Mahkemesi (consists of the president, 2 vice presidents, and 12 judges); Court of Cassation (consists of about 390 judges and is organized into civil and penal chambers); Council of State (organized into 15 divisions -- 14 judicial and 1 consultative -- each with a division head and at least 5 members)
judge selection and term of office: Constitutional Court members - 3 appointed by the Grand National Assembly and 12 by the president of the republic; court president and 2 deputy court presidents appointed from among its members for 4-year terms; judges serve 12-year, nonrenewable terms with mandatory retirement at age 65; Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Board of Judges and Prosecutors, a 13-member body of judicial officials; Court of Cassation judges serve until retirement at age 65; Council of State members appointed by the Board and by the president of the republic; members serve renewable, 4-year terms
subordinate courts: regional appeals courts; basic (first instance) courts; peace courts; aggravated crime courts; specialized courts, including administrative and audit
judge selection and term of office: Constitutional Court members - 3 appointed by the Grand National Assembly and 12 by the president of the republic; court president and 2 deputy court presidents appointed from among its members for 4-year terms; judges serve 12-year, nonrenewable terms with mandatory retirement at age 65; Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Board of Judges and Prosecutors, a 13-member body of judicial officials; Court of Cassation judges serve until retirement at age 65; Council of State members appointed by the Board and by the president of the republic; members serve renewable, 4-year terms
subordinate courts: regional appeals courts; basic (first instance) courts; peace courts; aggravated crime courts; specialized courts, including administrative and audit
Military & Security
Military and security forces
Turkish Armed Forces (TAF; Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri, TSK): Turkish Land Forces (Türk Kara Kuvvetleri), Turkish Naval Forces (Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri; includes naval air and naval infantry), Turkish Air Forces (Türk Hava Kuvvetleri)
Ministry of Interior: Gendarmerie General Command (aka Gendarmerie of the Turkish Republic), Turkish Coast Guard Command, General Directorate of Security (National Police) (2025)
note: note: the Gendarmerie (Jandarma) is responsible for the maintenance of the public order in areas that fall outside the jurisdiction of police forces (generally in rural areas); in wartime, the Gendarmerie and Coast Guard would be placed under the operational control of the Land Forces and Naval Forces, respectively
Ministry of Interior: Gendarmerie General Command (aka Gendarmerie of the Turkish Republic), Turkish Coast Guard Command, General Directorate of Security (National Police) (2025)
note: note: the Gendarmerie (Jandarma) is responsible for the maintenance of the public order in areas that fall outside the jurisdiction of police forces (generally in rural areas); in wartime, the Gendarmerie and Coast Guard would be placed under the operational control of the Land Forces and Naval Forces, respectively
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2025: 2.3% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024: 2.1% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 1.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 1.6% of GDP (2021 est.)
Reference: 2025, 2024, 2023, 2022Military Expenditures 2024: 2.1% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 1.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 1.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 1.6% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 495,000 active military personnel; approximately 150,000 Gendarmerie (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military's inventory is comprised of domestically produced, European (particularly from Germany), and US weapons and equipment, as well as some Chinese, Russian, and South Korean acquisitions; it is a mix of older and modern weapons systems; Türkiye has a defense industry capable of producing a range of weapons systems for both export and internal use, including armored vehicles, naval vessels, and unmanned aerial vehicles/drones; Türkiye's defense industry also partners with other countries for defense production (2024)
Reference: 2024Military service age and obligation
mandatory military service for men at age 20; service can be delayed if in university or in certain professions (researchers, professionals, and athletic, or those with artistic talents have the right to postpone military service until the age of 35); 6-12 months service; women may volunteer (2023)
note: note 1: after completing six months of service, if a conscripted soldier wants to and is suitable for extending his military service, he may do so for an additional six months in return for a monthly salary; all male Turkish citizens over the age of 20 are required to undergo a one month military training period, but they can obtain an exemption from the remaining 5 months of their mandatory service by paying a fee
note 2: as of 2021, women made up about 0.4% of the military's full-time personnel
Reference: 2023, 2021note: note 1: after completing six months of service, if a conscripted soldier wants to and is suitable for extending his military service, he may do so for an additional six months in return for a monthly salary; all male Turkish citizens over the age of 20 are required to undergo a one month military training period, but they can obtain an exemption from the remaining 5 months of their mandatory service by paying a fee
note 2: as of 2021, women made up about 0.4% of the military's full-time personnel
Military deployments
approximately 200 Azerbaijan; approximately 250 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR); approximately 30,000 Cyprus; 730 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); estimated 500 Libya; estimated 3,000 Qatar; estimated 1,000 Somalia (2025)
note: note: Turkey estimated to maintain several thousand military forces in both Iraq and Syria
note: note: Turkey estimated to maintain several thousand military forces in both Iraq and Syria
Military - note
the responsibilities of the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) include protecting the country's territory and sovereignty, participating in international peacekeeping operations, fulfilling Türkiye’s military commitments to NATO, providing disaster/humanitarian relief and assistance to domestic law enforcement if requested by civil authorities, and supporting the country's overall national security interests; it also has overall responsibility for the security of Türkiye’s borders
Türkiye is active in international peacekeeping and other military/security operations under NATO and the UN, as well as under bilateral agreements with some countries, such as Azerbaijan, Libya, Somalia, and Qatar; Türkiye has been a member of NATO since 1952 and hosts the headquarters for a NATO Land Command and a Rapid Deployment Corps, multiple airbases for NATO and US aircraft, NATO air/missile defense systems, and training centers; the TAF is the second-largest military in NATO behind the US
the military traces its history back to 200 B.C., although the modern TAF was formed following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the conclusion of the Turkish War of Independence (1919-1923); the TAF traditionally has been viewed as the “guardian” of Turkish politics, but its political role was diminished after the failed 2016 coup attempt; the military has a stake in Türkiye's economy through a holding company that is involved in the automotive, energy, finance, and logistics sectors, as well as iron and steel production (2025)
Reference: 2025, 2016, 1952, 1923Türkiye is active in international peacekeeping and other military/security operations under NATO and the UN, as well as under bilateral agreements with some countries, such as Azerbaijan, Libya, Somalia, and Qatar; Türkiye has been a member of NATO since 1952 and hosts the headquarters for a NATO Land Command and a Rapid Deployment Corps, multiple airbases for NATO and US aircraft, NATO air/missile defense systems, and training centers; the TAF is the second-largest military in NATO behind the US
the military traces its history back to 200 B.C., although the modern TAF was formed following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the conclusion of the Turkish War of Independence (1919-1923); the TAF traditionally has been viewed as the “guardian” of Turkish politics, but its political role was diminished after the failed 2016 coup attempt; the military has a stake in Türkiye's economy through a holding company that is involved in the automotive, energy, finance, and logistics sectors, as well as iron and steel production (2025)
International Relations
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Sedat ÖNAL (since 17 June 2024)
chancery: 2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 612-6700
FAX: [1] (202) 612-6744
email address and website: embassy.washingtondc@mfa.gov.tr
T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı - Turkish Embassy In Washington, D.C. (mfa.gov.tr)
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco
Reference: 2024chancery: 2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 612-6700
FAX: [1] (202) 612-6744
email address and website: embassy.washingtondc@mfa.gov.tr
T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı - Turkish Embassy In Washington, D.C. (mfa.gov.tr)
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas J. BARRACK (since 14 May 2025)
embassy: 1480 Sokak No. 1, Cukurambar Mahallesi, 06530 Cankaya, Ankara
mailing address: 7000 Ankara Place, Washington, DC 20512-7000
telephone: [90] (312) 294-0000
FAX: [90] (312) 467-0019
email address and website: Ankara-ACS@state.gov
https://tr.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Istanbul
consulate(s): Adana
embassy: 1480 Sokak No. 1, Cukurambar Mahallesi, 06530 Cankaya, Ankara
mailing address: 7000 Ankara Place, Washington, DC 20512-7000
telephone: [90] (312) 294-0000
FAX: [90] (312) 467-0019
email address and website: Ankara-ACS@state.gov
https://tr.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Istanbul
consulate(s): Adana
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CPLP (associate observer), D-8, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (candidate country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SCO (dialogue member), SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
note: note: Turkey is an EU candidate country and must complete accession criteria before being granted full membership
note: note: Turkey is an EU candidate country and must complete accession criteria before being granted full membership
Treaties & Organisations
| Organisation | Status | Joined |
|---|---|---|
| Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) | member | 1973-06-25 |
| G20 (G20) | member | 1999-09-29 |
| NATO (NATO) | member | 1952-02-18 |
| OECD (OECD) | member | — |
| United Nations (UN) | member | 1945-10-24 |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | member | 1995-03-26 |
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CPLP (associate observer), D-8, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (candidate country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SCO (dialogue member), SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
note: note: Turkey is an EU candidate country and must complete accession criteria before being granted full membership
note: note: Turkey is an EU candidate country and must complete accession criteria before being granted full membership
Conflict & Security
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 3,094,818 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 538,105 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 420 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024IDPs: 538,105 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 420 (2024 est.)
Terrorist group(s)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU); Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)/Qods Force; Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK); al-Qa'ida; Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C)
note: note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
note: note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
Transportation & Logistics
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
TC
Airports
116 (2025)
Heliports
240 (2025)
Railways
total: 11,497 km (2018)
standard gauge: 11,497 km (2018) 1.435-m gauge (1.435 km high speed train)
Reference: 2018standard gauge: 11,497 km (2018) 1.435-m gauge (1.435 km high speed train)
Merchant marine
total: 1,170 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 43, container ship 43, general cargo 223, oil tanker 134, other 727
Reference: 2023by type: bulk carrier 43, container ship 43, general cargo 223, oil tanker 134, other 727
Ports
total ports: 54 (2024)
large: 3
medium: 3
small: 6
very small: 42
ports with oil terminals: 28
key ports: Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Izmir, Mersin, Nemrut Limani Bay, Samsun
Reference: 2024large: 3
medium: 3
small: 6
very small: 42
ports with oil terminals: 28
key ports: Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Izmir, Mersin, Nemrut Limani Bay, Samsun
Environment
Environmental issues
water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; land degradation; conservation of biodiversity
International environmental agreements
party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Environmental Modification
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Environmental Modification
Climate
temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
Land use
agricultural land: 50.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 26.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 4.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 19% (2023 est.)
forest: 29.3% (2023 est.)
other: 20.5% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 26.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 4.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 19% (2023 est.)
forest: 29.3% (2023 est.)
other: 20.5% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 77.5% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2020rate of urbanization: 1.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions: 399.173 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 155.26 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 147.211 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 96.703 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023from coal and metallurgical coke: 155.26 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 147.211 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 96.703 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
23.1 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 35.374 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 32% (2022 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 32% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 7.144 billion cubic meters (2022)
industrial: 1.297 billion cubic meters (2022)
agricultural: 56.127 billion cubic meters (2022)
Reference: 2022industrial: 1.297 billion cubic meters (2022)
agricultural: 56.127 billion cubic meters (2022)
Total renewable water resources
211.6 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022Geoparks
total global geoparks and regional networks: 1
global geoparks and regional networks: Kula-Salihli (2023)
Reference: 2023global geoparks and regional networks: Kula-Salihli (2023)
Communications & Media
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 9.926 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2023 est.)
Broadcast media
Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) operates multiple TV and radio networks and stations; multiple privately owned national TV stations and 567 private regional and local TV stations; multi-channel cable TV available; 1,007 private radio stations (2019)
Reference: 2019Internet country code
.tr
Historical Trends
Population
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Population data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 79,277,962 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 80,312,698 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 81,407,204 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 82,579,440 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 83,384,680 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 84,147,318 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 84,979,913 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 85,325,965 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 85,518,661 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 85,878,556 | world_bank_wdi |
GDP (current US$)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View GDP (current US$) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | $870,818,016,910 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | $863,874,522,365 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | $788,356,985,774 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | $775,853,144,223 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | $733,628,247,119 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | $839,938,668,172 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | $926,097,476,914 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | $1,141,242,864,657 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | $1,359,123,768,774 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | $1,597,293,229,287 | world_bank_wdi |
International migrant stock (immigrants)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International migrant stock (immigrants) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 6,580,295 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 7,083,501 | world_bank_wdi |
International emigrant stock
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International emigrant stock data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 1,862,302 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 1995 | 2,388,133 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2000 | 2,673,854 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2005 | 2,651,430 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2010 | 2,709,646 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2015 | 2,727,575 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2020 | 2,837,815 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2024 | 3,130,337 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
Net migration
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Net migration data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 352,063 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 659,846 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 187,570 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | -15,690 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 37,934 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 20,283 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | -301,544 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | -318,070 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | -275,952 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | -258,205 | world_bank_wdi |
Sources & Methodology
Current statistical observations include their reference period and provenance. Reference fields from approved source datasets are attributed below. Missing information is left unknown rather than inferred.
| Indicator | Value | Period | Source | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 85,878,556 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| UN Population Division population estimate | 87,926,082 | 2026 | UN Population Division Data Portal | Estimated |
| Wikidata population (fallback) | 85,372,377 | 2023 | Wikidata | Reported |
| International migrant stock (immigrants) | 7,083,501 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International migrant stock | 8.1% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International emigrant stock | 3,130,337 | 2024 | UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2024 | Estimated |
| Net migration | -258,205 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Refugees hosted | 2,390,414 | 2025 | UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics | Verified |
| Asylum seekers hosted | 102,497 | 2025 | UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics | Verified |
| Refugees from this country | 149,405 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Asylum seekers from this country | 117,576 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Freedom of expression & alternative information index | 0.179 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Government censorship effort — media | -1.995 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Harassment of journalists | -1.053 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Print/broadcast media critical of government | -0.248 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Range of perspectives in major media | -1.322 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media bias | -0.545 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media self-censorship | -1.141 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Same-sex sexual activity | Yes Yes Legal since 1858 | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Recognition of same-sex relationships | No No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex marriage | No No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex adoption | No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples. | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Open military service | No No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law | No No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Gender identity / expression law | Yes Yes Requires sterilisation and sex reassignment surgery for change | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| GDP (current US$) | $1,597,293,229,287 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP per capita (current US$) | $18,599 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP growth | 3.6% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Inflation, consumer prices | 34.9% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Unemployment | 8.5% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Income level | Upper middle income | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Life expectancy at birth | 77.4 years | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fertility rate | 1.5 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Urban population | 89.5% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Individuals using the Internet | 89.8% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Exports of goods and services | 24.8% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Imports of goods and services | 25.1% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Trade | 49.9% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Adult literacy rate | 97.3% | 2021 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secondary school enrolment, gross | 118.4% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Government education expenditure | 3.1% | 2022 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Access to electricity | 100.0% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Electric power consumption | 3,731 kWh/person | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Renewable energy consumption | 12.0% | 2021 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Current health expenditure | 4.3% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Infant mortality rate | 8.0 per 1,000 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Forest area | 29.5% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Mobile cellular subscriptions | 107.8 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fixed broadband subscriptions | 23.4 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secure Internet servers | 11,103 per million | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude | 39.7153° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Longitude | 32.3606° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude (Wikidata) | 39.0000° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Longitude (Wikidata) | 36.0000° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Time zone | UTC+03:00, Europe/Istanbul, Asia/Istanbul | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Form of government | unitary state, presidential system | current | Wikidata | Reported |
Data attribution
Credits below are generated from sources actually used by this country profile. Source-specific terms take precedence.
- CIA World Factbook, final 2025 country profile (structured via factbook.json). Accessed September 20, 2026. U.S. Government public-domain data; retained as a reference source where a newer approved field is not available. Source · Terms/licence
- Source: Eurostat (dataset/datacode: demo_pjan) Accessed September 19, 2026. Knelstrom presentation/formatting may differ from the source. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, International Migrant Stock 2024; data access/processing via Our World in Data. Accessed September 20, 2026. Underlying UN dataset used under CC BY 3.0 IGO. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects (WPP indicator 49) Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 3.0 IGO; current-year WPP population values are presented as estimates/projections where applicable. Source · Terms/licence
- UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics Database. Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 4.0 except where a dataset identifies a different source or licence. Source · Terms/licence
- Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), Country-Year Dataset v16 (variables: v2mebias, v2mecenefm, v2mecrit, v2meharjrn, v2merange, v2meslfcen, v2x_freexp_altinf) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0; V-Dem measures are expert-coded/modelled and no V-Dem endorsement is implied. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikidata structured data (CC0). Accessed September 20, 2026. Attribution is provided by Knelstrom for provenance although CC0 does not require it. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikipedia, “LGBTQ rights by country or territory” (source revision/data fields: Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Gender identity / expression law, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Open military service, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Recognition of same-sex relationships, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex adoption, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex marriage, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex sexual activity, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0. Knelstrom changes formatting and presents the imported material as a community-edited legal-status summary, not legal advice or a Knelstrom rights score. Source · Terms/licence
- World Bank, World Development Indicators (series: AG.LND.FRST.ZS, country_metadata, EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS, EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS, EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC, FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG, IT.CEL.SETS.P2, IT.NET.BBND.P2, IT.NET.SECR.P6, IT.NET.USER.ZS, NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS, NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS, NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS, NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG, NY.GDP.PCAP.CD, SE.ADT.LITR.ZS, SE.SEC.ENRR, SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS, SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS, SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS, SM.POP.ASYS.EO, SM.POP.NETM, SM.POP.RHCR.EO, SM.POP.TOTL, SM.POP.TOTL.ZS, SP.DYN.IMRT.IN, SP.DYN.LE00.IN, SP.DYN.TFRT.IN, SP.POP.TOTL, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS) Accessed September 20, 2026. Data used under CC BY 4.0; Knelstrom presentation/formatting may differ from the source. Source · Terms/licence
Knelstrom does not imply endorsement by any listed data provider.
Last automated statistical refresh: 2026-09-20 02:10:33