Knelstrom Intelligence · World Factbook
Oman
سلطنة عُمان
CapitalMuscat
Population5,494,691
GDP$109.6bn
Area309,500 km²
RegionMiddle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan
Data sources current · last checked September 20, 2026 2:11 am
Country facts
Overview
Background
The inhabitants of the area of present-day Oman have long prospered from Indian Ocean trade. In the late 18th century, the nascent sultanate in Muscat signed the first in a series of friendship treaties with Britain. Over time, Oman's dependence on British political and military advisors increased, although the sultanate never became a British colony. In 1970, QABOOS bin Said Al Said overthrew his father and ruled as sultan for the next five decades. His extensive modernization program opened the country to the outside world. He prioritized strategic ties to the UK and US, and his moderate, independent foreign policy allowed Oman to maintain good relations with its neighbors and avoid external entanglements.
In 2011, the popular uprisings that swept the Middle East and North Africa inspired demonstrations in Oman that called for more jobs and economic benefits and an end to corruption. In response, QABOOS implemented economic and political reforms such as granting Oman’s legislative body more power and authorizing direct elections for its lower house. Additionally, the sultan increased unemployment benefits and issued a royal directive mandating a national public- and private-sector job creation plan. As part of the government's efforts to decentralize authority and allow greater citizen participation in local governance, Oman successfully conducted its first municipal council elections in 2012. QABOOS, Oman's longest reigning monarch, died in 2020. His cousin, HAYTHAM bin Tariq Al Said, former Minister of Heritage and Culture, was sworn in as Oman's new sultan the same day.
Reference: 2020, 2012, 2011, 1970In 2011, the popular uprisings that swept the Middle East and North Africa inspired demonstrations in Oman that called for more jobs and economic benefits and an end to corruption. In response, QABOOS implemented economic and political reforms such as granting Oman’s legislative body more power and authorizing direct elections for its lower house. Additionally, the sultan increased unemployment benefits and issued a royal directive mandating a national public- and private-sector job creation plan. As part of the government's efforts to decentralize authority and allow greater citizen participation in local governance, Oman successfully conducted its first municipal council elections in 2012. QABOOS, Oman's longest reigning monarch, died in 2020. His cousin, HAYTHAM bin Tariq Al Said, former Minister of Heritage and Culture, was sworn in as Oman's new sultan the same day.
Geography
Location
Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, and Persian Gulf, between Yemen and the UAE
Map references
Middle East
Area
total: 309,500 sq km
land: 309,500 sq km
water: 0 sq km
land: 309,500 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative
twice the size of Georgia
Land boundaries
total: 1,561 km
border countries: Saudi Arabia 658 km; UAE 609 km; Yemen 294 km
border countries: Saudi Arabia 658 km; UAE 609 km; Yemen 294 km
Coastline
2,092 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate
dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
Terrain
central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south
Elevation
highest point: Jabal Shams 3,004 m
lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m
mean elevation: 310 m
lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m
mean elevation: 310 m
Natural resources
petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, natural gas
Land use
agricultural land: 4.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 0.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 4.4% (2023 est.)
forest: 0% (2023 est.)
other: 95.2% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 0.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 4.4% (2023 est.)
forest: 0% (2023 est.)
other: 95.2% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
1,162 sq km (2022)
Reference: 2022Major aquifers
Arabian Aquifer System
Population distribution
the vast majority of the population is located in and around the Al Hagar Mountains in the north; another smaller cluster is found around the city of Salalah in the far south; most of the country remains sparsely populated
Natural hazards
summer winds often raise large sandstorms and dust storms in interior; periodic droughts
Geography - note
consists of Oman proper and two northern exclaves, Musandam and Al Madhah; the former is a peninsula that occupies a strategic location adjacent to the Strait of Hormuz
Population & Society
Nationality
noun: Omani(s)
adjective: Omani
adjective: Omani
Ethnic groups
Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, Bangladeshi), African
Languages
Languages: Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Swahili, Urdu, Indian dialects
major-language sample(s): كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
major-language sample(s): كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Muslim 85.9%, Christian 6.4%, Hindu 5.7%, other and unaffiliated 2% (2020 est.)
note: note: Omani citizens represent approximately 56.4% of the population and are overwhelming Muslim (Ibadhi and Sunni sects each constitute about 45% and Shia about 5%); Christians, Hindus, and Buddhists account for roughly 5% of Omani citizens
Reference: 2020note: note: Omani citizens represent approximately 56.4% of the population and are overwhelming Muslim (Ibadhi and Sunni sects each constitute about 45% and Shia about 5%); Christians, Hindus, and Buddhists account for roughly 5% of Omani citizens
Age structure
0-14 years: 29.8% (male 594,909/female 566,682)
15-64 years: 66.2% (male 1,428,141/female 1,155,438)
65 years and over: 4% (2024 est.) (male 73,076/female 83,746)
Reference: 202415-64 years: 66.2% (male 1,428,141/female 1,155,438)
65 years and over: 4% (2024 est.) (male 73,076/female 83,746)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 51 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 45 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 6.1 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 16.5 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024youth dependency ratio: 45 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 6.1 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 16.5 (2024 est.)
Median age
total: 27.3 years (2024 est.)
male: 28.1 years
female: 26.3 years
Reference: 2024male: 28.1 years
female: 26.3 years
Population growth rate
1.75% (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Birth rate
21.1 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Death rate
3.2 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Population distribution
the vast majority of the population is located in and around the Al Hagar Mountains in the north; another smaller cluster is found around the city of Salalah in the far south; most of the country remains sparsely populated
Major urban areas - population
1.650 million MUSCAT (capital) (2023)
Reference: 2023Sex ratio
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.24 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female
total population: 1.16 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Reference: 20240-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.24 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female
total population: 1.16 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
13 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Gross reproduction rate
1.29 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Drinking water source
improved: urban: urban: 94.7% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 76.3% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 92.4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 5.3% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 23.7% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 7.6% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 76.3% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 92.4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 5.3% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 23.7% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 7.6% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 4.4% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 8.3% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 8.3% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
1.99 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Reference: 2022Hospital bed density
1.2 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
27% (2016)
Reference: 2016Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 0.47 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 0.17 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 0.29 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019beer: 0.17 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 0.29 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use
total: 11.6% (2025 est.)
male: 17.9% (2025 est.)
female: 0.4% (2025 est.)
male: 17.9% (2025 est.)
female: 0.4% (2025 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
11.2% (2017 est.)
Reference: 2017Currently married women (ages 15-49)
56.4% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 13 years (2021 est.)
male: 13 years (2021 est.)
female: 14 years (2021 est.)
Reference: 2021male: 13 years (2021 est.)
female: 14 years (2021 est.)
Migration & Displacement
Immigrant/emigrant stock measures the number of international migrants resident in, or originating from, the country; it is not the same as annual immigration/emigration flows.
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 714 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Government & Politics
| Office | Holder | Affiliation | From | Status | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Head of state | Haitham bin Tarik Al Said | — | 2020-01-11 | Current | Reported |
| Head of government | Haitham bin Tarik Al Said | — | 2020-01-11 | Current | Reported |
Country name
conventional long form: Sultanate of Oman
conventional short form: Oman
local long form: Saltanat Uman
local short form: Uman
former: Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
etymology: the origin of the name is uncertain, but it may date back at least 2,000 years, with an "Omana" mentioned by Pliny the Elder (1st century A.D.) and an "Omanon" by Ptolemy (2nd century A.D.); it is said to derive from Oman ben Ibrahim al Khalil (Oman ben Kahtan), who founded the state
conventional short form: Oman
local long form: Saltanat Uman
local short form: Uman
former: Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
etymology: the origin of the name is uncertain, but it may date back at least 2,000 years, with an "Omana" mentioned by Pliny the Elder (1st century A.D.) and an "Omanon" by Ptolemy (2nd century A.D.); it is said to derive from Oman ben Ibrahim al Khalil (Oman ben Kahtan), who founded the state
Capital
name: Muscat
geographic coordinates: 23 37 N, 58 35 E
time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: the name derives from the Arabic name for the city, Masqat, which is said to mean "hidden" and refers to the range of hills that isolate the port city from the rest of the country
geographic coordinates: 23 37 N, 58 35 E
time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: the name derives from the Arabic name for the city, Masqat, which is said to mean "hidden" and refers to the range of hills that isolate the port city from the rest of the country
Administrative divisions
11 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafaza); Ad Dakhiliyah, Al Buraymi, Al Wusta, Az Zahirah, Janub al Batinah (Al Batinah South), Janub ash Sharqiyah (Ash Sharqiyah South), Masqat (Muscat), Musandam, Shamal al Batinah (Al Batinah North), Shamal ash Sharqiyah (Ash Sharqiyah North), Zufar (Dhofar)
Legal system
mixed system of Anglo-Saxon law and Islamic law
Constitution
history: promulgated by royal decree 6 November 1996 (the Basic Law of the Sultanate of Oman serves as the constitution); amended by royal decree in 2011
amendment process: promulgated by the sultan or proposed by the Council of Oman and drafted by a technical committee as stipulated by royal decree and then promulgated through royal decree
Reference: 2011, 1996amendment process: promulgated by the sultan or proposed by the Council of Oman and drafted by a technical committee as stipulated by royal decree and then promulgated through royal decree
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: the father must be a citizen of Oman
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: unknown
citizenship by descent only: the father must be a citizen of Oman
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: unknown
Suffrage
21 years of age; universal
note: note: members of the military and security forces by law cannot vote
note: note: members of the military and security forces by law cannot vote
Executive branch
chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister HAITHAM bin Tarik Al Said (since 11 January 2020)
head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister HAITHAM bin Tarik Al Said (since 11 January 2020)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch
note: note: the monarch is both chief of state and head of government
Reference: 2020head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister HAITHAM bin Tarik Al Said (since 11 January 2020)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch
note: note: the monarch is both chief of state and head of government
Legislative branch
legislature name: Majles
legislative structure: bicameral
legislative structure: bicameral
Legislative branch - lower chamber
chamber name: Shura Council (Majles A'Shura)
number of seats: 90 (all directly elected)
electoral system: other systems
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 11/1/2023
percentage of women in chamber: 0%
expected date of next election: October 2027
Reference: 2027, 2023number of seats: 90 (all directly elected)
electoral system: other systems
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 11/1/2023
percentage of women in chamber: 0%
expected date of next election: October 2027
Legislative branch - upper chamber
chamber name: State Council (Majles Addawla)
number of seats: 87 (all appointed)
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 10/29/2023
percentage of women in chamber: 20.9%
expected date of next election: November 2027
Reference: 2027, 2023number of seats: 87 (all appointed)
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 10/29/2023
percentage of women in chamber: 20.9%
expected date of next election: November 2027
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of 5 judges)
judge selection and term of office: judges nominated by the 9-member Supreme Judicial Council (chaired by the monarch) and appointed by the monarch; judges appointed for life
subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Administrative Court; Courts of First Instance; sharia courts; magistrates' courts; military courts
judge selection and term of office: judges nominated by the 9-member Supreme Judicial Council (chaired by the monarch) and appointed by the monarch; judges appointed for life
subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Administrative Court; Courts of First Instance; sharia courts; magistrates' courts; military courts
Political parties
note: organized political parties are banned in Oman, and loyalties tend to form around tribal affiliations
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Talal Sulaiman AL-RAHBI (since 24 July 2025)
chancery: 2535 Belmont Road, NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 387-1980
FAX: [1] (202) 745-4933
email address and website: washington@fm.gov.om
Embassy of the Sultanate of Oman, Washington, USA - FM.gov.om
Reference: 2025, 1980chancery: 2535 Belmont Road, NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 387-1980
FAX: [1] (202) 745-4933
email address and website: washington@fm.gov.om
Embassy of the Sultanate of Oman, Washington, USA - FM.gov.om
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Ana ESCROGIMA (since 4 December 2023)
embassy: P.C. 115, Madinat Al Sultan Qaboos, Muscat
mailing address: 6220 Muscat Place, Washington DC 20521
telephone: [968] 2464-3400
FAX: [968] 2464-3740
email address and website: ConsularMuscat@state.gov
https://om.usembassy.gov/
Reference: 2023embassy: P.C. 115, Madinat Al Sultan Qaboos, Muscat
mailing address: 6220 Muscat Place, Washington DC 20521
telephone: [968] 2464-3400
FAX: [968] 2464-3740
email address and website: ConsularMuscat@state.gov
https://om.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Independence
1650 (expulsion of the Portuguese)
National holiday
National Day, 18 November
note: note: celebrates Oman's independence from Portugal in 1650 and the birthday of Sultan QABOOS bin Said al Said, who reigned from 1970 to 2020
Reference: 2020, 1970note: note: celebrates Oman's independence from Portugal in 1650 and the birthday of Sultan QABOOS bin Said al Said, who reigned from 1970 to 2020
Flag
description: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), red, and green, with a vertical red band on the left side; the national emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath on top of crossed swords in scabbards) in white is centered near the top of the vertical band
meaning: white stands for peace and prosperity, red for battles against foreign invaders, and green for the Jebel al Akhdar (Green Mountains) and fertility
meaning: white stands for peace and prosperity, red for battles against foreign invaders, and green for the Jebel al Akhdar (Green Mountains) and fertility
National symbol(s)
khanjar dagger on top of two crossed swords
National color(s)
red, white, green
National anthem(s)
title: "Nashid as-Salaam as-Sultani" (The Sultan's Anthem)
lyrics/music: Rashid bin Uzayyiz al KHUSAIDI/James Frederick MILLS, arranged by Bernard EBBINGHAUS
history: adopted 1932; new lyrics written after QABOOS bin Said al Said came to power in 1970; first performed by the band of the HMS Hawkins as a salute to the Sultan during a 1932 visit to Muscat; the ship's bandmaster did the arrangement
Reference: 1970, 1932lyrics/music: Rashid bin Uzayyiz al KHUSAIDI/James Frederick MILLS, arranged by Bernard EBBINGHAUS
history: adopted 1932; new lyrics written after QABOOS bin Said al Said came to power in 1970; first performed by the band of the HMS Hawkins as a salute to the Sultan during a 1932 visit to Muscat; the ship's bandmaster did the arrangement
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites: 5 (all cultural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Bahla Fort; Archaeological Sites of Bat; Land of Frankincense; Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman; Ancient Qalhat
selected World Heritage Site locales: Bahla Fort; Archaeological Sites of Bat; Land of Frankincense; Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman; Ancient Qalhat
Government & Official Links
| Institution | Official website | X / Twitter | Verification |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oman official website | Official website | — | Reported · source Checked September 20, 2026 |
Institutional accounts only; personal accounts of political office-holders are excluded.
Legislature & Elections
Legislature
| Name | Chamber | Seats | Electoral system |
|---|---|---|---|
| Council of Oman | — | — | — |
Economy
Economic overview
high-income, oil-based economy; large welfare system; growing government debt; citizenship-based labor force growth policy; US free trade agreement; diversifying portfolio; high female labor force participation
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $193.591 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $190.403 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $188.169 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $190.403 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $188.169 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2024: $36,700 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $37,700 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $39,800 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP per capita 2023: $37,700 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $39,800 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 2.6% (2024 est.)
industry: 54.2% (2024 est.)
services: 46.5% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Reference: 2024industry: 54.2% (2024 est.)
services: 46.5% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption: 37.8% (2023 est.)
government consumption: 19.1% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 24.3% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: 2.4% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 61.1% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -44.8% (2023 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Reference: 2023government consumption: 19.1% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 24.3% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: 2.4% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 61.1% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -44.8% (2023 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
vegetables, dates, milk, tomatoes, sorghum, chillies/peppers, goat milk, cucumbers/gherkins, cantaloupes/melons, cabbages (2023)
note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Reference: 2023note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
crude oil production and refining, natural and liquefied natural gas production; construction, cement, copper, steel, chemicals, optic fiber
Industrial production growth rate
0.2% (2024 est.)
note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Reference: 2024note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Labor force
2.696 million (2024 est.)
note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Reference: 2024note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 13.9% (2024 est.)
male: 11% (2024 est.)
female: 30.9% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Reference: 2024male: 11% (2024 est.)
female: 30.9% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Average household expenditures
on food: 18.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 0.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023on alcohol and tobacco: 0.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Remittances
Remittances 2023: 0% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 0% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2021: 0% of GDP (2021 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Reference: 2023, 2022, 2021Remittances 2022: 0% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2021: 0% of GDP (2021 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget
revenues: $29.334 billion (2018 est.)
expenditures: $35.984 billion (2018 est.)
Reference: 2018expenditures: $35.984 billion (2018 est.)
Public debt
Public debt 2017: 46.9% of GDP (2017 est.)
note: note: excludes indebtedness of state-owned enterprises
Reference: 2017note: note: excludes indebtedness of state-owned enterprises
Current account balance
Current account balance 2023: $2.638 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $4.362 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2021: -$4.836 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2023, 2022, 2021Current account balance 2022: $4.362 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2021: -$4.836 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2023: $64.749 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $69.483 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2021: $46.572 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2023, 2022, 2021Exports 2022: $69.483 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2021: $46.572 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
China 43%, India 6%, Saudi Arabia 5%, UAE 5%, South Africa 4% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, semi-finished iron, fertilizers (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2023: $47.412 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $46.682 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2021: $37.216 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2023, 2022, 2021Imports 2022: $46.682 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2021: $37.216 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
UAE 25%, Saudi Arabia 12%, India 8%, China 7%, Qatar 5% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, cars, crude petroleum, iron ore, iron pipes (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $18.287 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $17.455 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $17.606 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $17.455 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $17.606 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Exchange rates
Currency: Omani rials (OMR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024: 0.384 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 0.384 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 0.384 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 0.384 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 0.384 (2020 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Exchange rates 2024: 0.384 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 0.384 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 0.384 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 0.384 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 0.384 (2020 est.)
Trade
Current account balance
Current account balance 2023: $2.638 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $4.362 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2021: -$4.836 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2023, 2022, 2021Current account balance 2022: $4.362 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2021: -$4.836 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2023: $64.749 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $69.483 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2021: $46.572 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2023, 2022, 2021Exports 2022: $69.483 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2021: $46.572 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
China 43%, India 6%, Saudi Arabia 5%, UAE 5%, South Africa 4% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, semi-finished iron, fertilizers (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2023: $47.412 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $46.682 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2021: $37.216 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2023, 2022, 2021Imports 2022: $46.682 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2021: $37.216 billion (2021 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
UAE 25%, Saudi Arabia 12%, India 8%, China 7%, Qatar 5% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, cars, crude petroleum, iron ore, iron pipes (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Energy & Resources
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 11.589 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 40.738 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 4.267 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 40.738 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 4.267 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 96% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 3.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023solar: 3.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Coal
consumption: 82,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 70,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 323,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023exports: 70,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 323,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
total petroleum production: 1.056 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 218,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 5.373 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2021refined petroleum consumption: 218,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 5.373 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas
production: 41.726 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption: 28.646 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 15.536 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 1.924 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 651.287 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2021consumption: 28.646 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 15.536 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 1.924 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 651.287 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 296.586 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Infrastructure
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 579,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2023 est.)
Health
Maternal mortality ratio
13 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 4.4% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 8.3% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 8.3% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
1.99 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Reference: 2022Hospital bed density
1.2 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020Obesity - adult prevalence rate
27% (2016)
Reference: 2016Tobacco use
total: 11.6% (2025 est.)
male: 17.9% (2025 est.)
female: 0.4% (2025 est.)
male: 17.9% (2025 est.)
female: 0.4% (2025 est.)
Education
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 13 years (2021 est.)
male: 13 years (2021 est.)
female: 14 years (2021 est.)
Reference: 2021male: 13 years (2021 est.)
female: 14 years (2021 est.)
Rights, Freedoms & Society
Press & Media Freedom
V-Dem expert-coded/modelled source measures. Knelstrom does not create a press-freedom ranking or composite score.
LGBTQ+ Rights & Law
Concrete legal-status fields only; Knelstrom does not generate an LGBTQ rights score or country ranking.
Source: Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory (CC BY-SA 4.0). Community-edited legal-status summary; retrieved by Knelstrom and not legal advice.
Crime & Justice
Legal system
mixed system of Anglo-Saxon law and Islamic law
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of 5 judges)
judge selection and term of office: judges nominated by the 9-member Supreme Judicial Council (chaired by the monarch) and appointed by the monarch; judges appointed for life
subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Administrative Court; Courts of First Instance; sharia courts; magistrates' courts; military courts
judge selection and term of office: judges nominated by the 9-member Supreme Judicial Council (chaired by the monarch) and appointed by the monarch; judges appointed for life
subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Administrative Court; Courts of First Instance; sharia courts; magistrates' courts; military courts
Military & Security
Military and security forces
Sultan's Armed Forces (SAF): Royal Army of Oman (RAO), Royal Navy of Oman (RNO), Royal Air Force of Oman (RAFO), Royal Guard of Oman (RGO), Sultan's Special Forces
Royal Oman Police (ROP): Civil Defense, Immigration, Infrastructure Security Police, Coast Guard Police, Special Security Police, Special Task Force (2024)
note: note: in addition to its policing duties, the ROP conducts many administrative functions similar to the responsibilities of a Ministry of Interior in other countries
Reference: 2024Royal Oman Police (ROP): Civil Defense, Immigration, Infrastructure Security Police, Coast Guard Police, Special Security Police, Special Task Force (2024)
note: note: in addition to its policing duties, the ROP conducts many administrative functions similar to the responsibilities of a Ministry of Interior in other countries
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2024: 6% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 5.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 5.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 8% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2020: 11% of GDP (2020 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Military Expenditures 2023: 5.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 5.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 8% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2020: 11% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 40,000 active Sultan's Armed Forces (25,000 Army, 5,000 Navy; 5,000 Air Force; 5,000 Royal Guard) (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the SAF's inventory includes a mix of older and some more modern weapons systems from a variety of suppliers, particularly the UK and the US; other suppliers have included China, EU countries, South Africa, and Turkey (2024)
Reference: 2024Military service age and obligation
18 for voluntary military service for men and women (women have been allowed to serve since 2011); no conscription (2023)
Reference: 2023, 2011Military - note
the Sultan's Armed Forces (SAF) are responsible for defending the country, ensuring internal security, and protecting the monarchy; it trains with foreign partners such as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, the UK, and the US; the SAF has a security relationship with the British military going back to the 18th century; today, the SAF and the British maintain a joint training base in Oman, and the British military uses the facilities at Al Duqm Port; in 2019, the US obtained access to the port, expanding on previous military cooperation agreements in 2014, 2010, and 1980; Oman also allows other nations to use some of its maritime facilities, including China; the SAF is part of the Peninsula Shield Forces, a joint military force established by the GCC countries with the aim of maintaining security and stability in the region
Oman's naval forces conduct maritime security operations along the country’s long coastline, including patrolling, ensuring freedom of navigation in the key naval chokepoint of the Strait of Hormuz, and countering piracy and smuggling; Oman participates in the US-led, multinational Combined Maritime Forces (CMF), which operates multinational task forces conducting maritime security in regional waters (2025)
Reference: 2025, 2019, 2014, 2010Oman's naval forces conduct maritime security operations along the country’s long coastline, including patrolling, ensuring freedom of navigation in the key naval chokepoint of the Strait of Hormuz, and countering piracy and smuggling; Oman participates in the US-led, multinational Combined Maritime Forces (CMF), which operates multinational task forces conducting maritime security in regional waters (2025)
International Relations
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Talal Sulaiman AL-RAHBI (since 24 July 2025)
chancery: 2535 Belmont Road, NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 387-1980
FAX: [1] (202) 745-4933
email address and website: washington@fm.gov.om
Embassy of the Sultanate of Oman, Washington, USA - FM.gov.om
Reference: 2025, 1980chancery: 2535 Belmont Road, NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 387-1980
FAX: [1] (202) 745-4933
email address and website: washington@fm.gov.om
Embassy of the Sultanate of Oman, Washington, USA - FM.gov.om
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Ana ESCROGIMA (since 4 December 2023)
embassy: P.C. 115, Madinat Al Sultan Qaboos, Muscat
mailing address: 6220 Muscat Place, Washington DC 20521
telephone: [968] 2464-3400
FAX: [968] 2464-3740
email address and website: ConsularMuscat@state.gov
https://om.usembassy.gov/
Reference: 2023embassy: P.C. 115, Madinat Al Sultan Qaboos, Muscat
mailing address: 6220 Muscat Place, Washington DC 20521
telephone: [968] 2464-3400
FAX: [968] 2464-3740
email address and website: ConsularMuscat@state.gov
https://om.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Treaties & Organisations
| Organisation | Status | Joined |
|---|---|---|
| Arab League (Arab League) | member | 1971-00-00 |
| United Nations (UN) | member | 1971-10-07 |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | member | 2000-00-00 |
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
International organization participation
ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Conflict & Security
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 714 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Terrorist group(s)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
note: note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
note: note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
Transportation & Logistics
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
A4O
Airports
37 (2025)
Heliports
20 (2025)
Merchant marine
total: 57 (2023)
by type: general cargo 11, other 46
Reference: 2023by type: general cargo 11, other 46
Ports
total ports: 7 (2024)
large: 0
medium: 1
small: 4
very small: 2
ports with oil terminals: 6
key ports: Duqm, Khawr Khasab, Mina Al Fahl, Mina Raysut, Sohar
Reference: 2024large: 0
medium: 1
small: 4
very small: 2
ports with oil terminals: 6
key ports: Duqm, Khawr Khasab, Mina Al Fahl, Mina Raysut, Sohar
Environment
Environmental issues
limited natural freshwater resources; high levels of soil and water salinity in the coastal plains; beach pollution from oil spills; industrial effluents in the water table and aquifers; desertification due to high winds driving desert sand into arable lands
International environmental agreements
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Climate
dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
Land use
agricultural land: 4.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 0.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 4.4% (2023 est.)
forest: 0% (2023 est.)
other: 95.2% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 0.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 4.4% (2023 est.)
forest: 0% (2023 est.)
other: 95.2% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 88.4% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 2.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2020rate of urbanization: 2.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions: 84.073 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 661,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 28.611 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 54.8 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023from coal and metallurgical coke: 661,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 28.611 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 54.8 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
34.9 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019Methane emissions
energy: 673.6 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture: 36.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 62.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 9.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022, 2021, 2019agriculture: 36.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 62.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 9.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 3.308 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 13.9% (2022 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 13.9% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 130 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial: 238 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 1.547 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022industrial: 238 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 1.547 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total renewable water resources
1.4 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022Communications & Media
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 579,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2023 est.)
Broadcast media
1 state-run TV broadcaster; TV stations transmitting from Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Iran, and Yemen available via satellite TV; state-run radio operates multiple stations; first private radio station began operating in 2007, and several additional stations now operating (2019)
Reference: 2019, 2007Internet country code
.om
Historical Trends
Population
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Population data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 4,390,877 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 4,537,396 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 4,597,877 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 4,591,241 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 4,522,497 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 4,500,424 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 4,730,226 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 5,049,269 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 5,281,538 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 5,494,691 | world_bank_wdi |
GDP (current US$)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View GDP (current US$) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | $75,128,738,622 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | $80,856,697,009 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | $91,505,851,756 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | $88,060,858,257 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | $75,909,492,848 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | $87,323,797,139 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | $109,852,795,839 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | $106,174,707,932 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | $107,137,198,700 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | $109,604,780,696 | world_bank_wdi |
International migrant stock (immigrants)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International migrant stock (immigrants) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 1,766,142 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 2,283,366 | world_bank_wdi |
International emigrant stock
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International emigrant stock data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 10,920 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 1995 | 10,800 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2000 | 10,898 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2005 | 13,313 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2010 | 14,009 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2015 | 15,667 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2020 | 16,877 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2024 | 17,095 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
Net migration
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Net migration data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 117,538 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 11,751 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | -52,630 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | -117,480 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | -171,635 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | -16,726 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 339,063 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 156,285 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 154,219 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 113,734 | world_bank_wdi |
Sources & Methodology
Current statistical observations include their reference period and provenance. Reference fields from approved source datasets are attributed below. Missing information is left unknown rather than inferred.
| Indicator | Value | Period | Source | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 5,494,691 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| UN Population Division population estimate | 5,671,459 | 2026 | UN Population Division Data Portal | Estimated |
| Wikidata population (fallback) | 4,829,480 | 2018 | Wikidata | Reported |
| International migrant stock (immigrants) | 2,283,366 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International migrant stock | 43.2% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International emigrant stock | 17,095 | 2024 | UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2024 | Estimated |
| Net migration | 113,734 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Refugees hosted | 308 | 2020 | UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics | Verified |
| Asylum seekers hosted | 330 | 2020 | UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics | Verified |
| Refugees from this country | 133 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Asylum seekers from this country | 42 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Freedom of expression & alternative information index | 0.151 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Government censorship effort — media | -1.022 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Harassment of journalists | -1.204 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Print/broadcast media critical of government | -2.008 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Range of perspectives in major media | -1.930 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media bias | -1.358 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media self-censorship | -1.486 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Same-sex sexual activity | No No Illegal; Penalty: Fines and prison sentence up to 3 years (only enforced when dealing with "public scandal"). | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Recognition of same-sex relationships | No No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex marriage | No No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex adoption | No No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Open military service | No No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law | No No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Gender identity / expression law | No No Laws against forms of gender expression. | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| GDP (current US$) | $109,604,780,696 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP per capita (current US$) | $19,947 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP growth | 2.4% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Inflation, consumer prices | 1.0% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Unemployment | 3.3% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Income level | High income | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Life expectancy at birth | 80.2 years | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fertility rate | 2.5 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Urban population | 79.5% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Individuals using the Internet | 95.3% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Exports of goods and services | 66.1% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Imports of goods and services | 48.8% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Trade | 114.9% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Adult literacy rate | 97.3% | 2022 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secondary school enrolment, gross | 95.1% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Government education expenditure | 4.4% | 2022 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Access to electricity | 100.0% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Electric power consumption | 8,203 kWh/person | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Renewable energy consumption | 0.1% | 2021 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Current health expenditure | 3.5% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Infant mortality rate | 8.3 per 1,000 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Forest area | 0.0% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Mobile cellular subscriptions | 120.6 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fixed broadband subscriptions | 11.1 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secure Internet servers | 287 per million | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude | 23.6105° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Longitude | 58.5874° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude (Wikidata) | 21.0000° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Longitude (Wikidata) | 57.0000° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Time zone | UTC+04:00, Asia/Muscat | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Form of government | absolute monarchy | current | Wikidata | Reported |
Data attribution
Credits below are generated from sources actually used by this country profile. Source-specific terms take precedence.
- CIA World Factbook, final 2025 country profile (structured via factbook.json). Accessed September 20, 2026. U.S. Government public-domain data; retained as a reference source where a newer approved field is not available. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, International Migrant Stock 2024; data access/processing via Our World in Data. Accessed September 20, 2026. Underlying UN dataset used under CC BY 3.0 IGO. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects (WPP indicator 49) Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 3.0 IGO; current-year WPP population values are presented as estimates/projections where applicable. Source · Terms/licence
- UNHCR Refugee Population Statistics Database. Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 4.0 except where a dataset identifies a different source or licence. Source · Terms/licence
- Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), Country-Year Dataset v16 (variables: v2mebias, v2mecenefm, v2mecrit, v2meharjrn, v2merange, v2meslfcen, v2x_freexp_altinf) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0; V-Dem measures are expert-coded/modelled and no V-Dem endorsement is implied. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikidata structured data (CC0). Accessed September 20, 2026. Attribution is provided by Knelstrom for provenance although CC0 does not require it. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikipedia, “LGBTQ rights by country or territory” (source revision/data fields: Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Gender identity / expression law, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Open military service, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Recognition of same-sex relationships, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex adoption, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex marriage, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex sexual activity, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0. Knelstrom changes formatting and presents the imported material as a community-edited legal-status summary, not legal advice or a Knelstrom rights score. Source · Terms/licence
- World Bank, World Development Indicators (series: AG.LND.FRST.ZS, country_metadata, EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS, EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS, EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC, FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG, IT.CEL.SETS.P2, IT.NET.BBND.P2, IT.NET.SECR.P6, IT.NET.USER.ZS, NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS, NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS, NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS, NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG, NY.GDP.PCAP.CD, SE.ADT.LITR.ZS, SE.SEC.ENRR, SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS, SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS, SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS, SM.POP.ASYS.EO, SM.POP.NETM, SM.POP.RHCR.EO, SM.POP.TOTL, SM.POP.TOTL.ZS, SP.DYN.IMRT.IN, SP.DYN.LE00.IN, SP.DYN.TFRT.IN, SP.POP.TOTL, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS) Accessed September 20, 2026. Data used under CC BY 4.0; Knelstrom presentation/formatting may differ from the source. Source · Terms/licence
Knelstrom does not imply endorsement by any listed data provider.
Last automated statistical refresh: 2026-09-20 02:10:30