Knelstrom Intelligence · World Factbook
Indonesia
Republik Indonesia
CapitalJakarta
Population285,721,236
GDP$1.45tn
Area1,904,570 km²
RegionEast Asia & Pacific
Data sources current · last checked September 20, 2026 2:10 am
Country facts
Overview
Background
The archipelago was once largely under the control of Buddhist and Hindu rulers. By around the 7th century, a Buddhist kingdom arose on Sumatra and expanded into Java and the Malay Peninsula until it was conquered in the late 13th century by the Hindu Majapahit Empire from Java. Majapahit (1290-1527) united most of modern-day Indonesia and Malaysia. Traders introduced Islam around the 11th century, and the religion gradually expanded over the next 500 years. The Portuguese conquered parts of Indonesia in the 16th century, but the Dutch ousted them (except in East Timor) and began colonizing the islands in the early 17th century. It would be the early 20th century before Dutch colonial rule was established across the entirety of what would become the boundaries of the modern Indonesian state.
Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender, but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting, intermittent negotiations, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. A period of sometimes unruly parliamentary democracy ended in 1957 when President SOEKARNO declared martial law and instituted "Guided Democracy." After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers, SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1998, President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his "New Order" government. After street protests toppled SUHARTO in 1998, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999 while the country's first direct presidential election occurred in 2004. Indonesia has since become a robust democracy, holding four direct presidential elections, each considered by international observers to have been largely free and fair.
Indonesia is now the world's third-most-populous democracy and the world's largest Muslim-majority nation. It has had strong economic growth since overcoming the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. By the 2020s, it had the largest economy in Southeast Asia, and its economy ranked in the world's top 10 in terms of purchasing power parity. It has also made considerable gains in reducing poverty. Although relations amongst its diverse population--there are more than 300 ethnic groups--have been harmonious in the 2000s, there have been areas of sectarian discontent and violence, as well as instances of religious extremism and terrorism. A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005, but a separatist group in Papua continued to conduct a low-intensity conflict as of 2024.
Reference: 2024, 2005, 2004, 1999Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender, but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting, intermittent negotiations, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. A period of sometimes unruly parliamentary democracy ended in 1957 when President SOEKARNO declared martial law and instituted "Guided Democracy." After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers, SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1998, President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his "New Order" government. After street protests toppled SUHARTO in 1998, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999 while the country's first direct presidential election occurred in 2004. Indonesia has since become a robust democracy, holding four direct presidential elections, each considered by international observers to have been largely free and fair.
Indonesia is now the world's third-most-populous democracy and the world's largest Muslim-majority nation. It has had strong economic growth since overcoming the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. By the 2020s, it had the largest economy in Southeast Asia, and its economy ranked in the world's top 10 in terms of purchasing power parity. It has also made considerable gains in reducing poverty. Although relations amongst its diverse population--there are more than 300 ethnic groups--have been harmonious in the 2000s, there have been areas of sectarian discontent and violence, as well as instances of religious extremism and terrorism. A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005, but a separatist group in Papua continued to conduct a low-intensity conflict as of 2024.
Geography
Location
Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
Map references
Southeast Asia
Area
total: 1,904,569 sq km
land: 1,811,569 sq km
water: 93,000 sq km
land: 1,811,569 sq km
water: 93,000 sq km
Area - comparative
slightly less than three times the size of Texas
Land boundaries
total: 2,958 km
border countries: Malaysia 1,881 km; Papua New Guinea 824 km; Timor-Leste 253 km
border countries: Malaysia 1,881 km; Papua New Guinea 824 km; Timor-Leste 253 km
Coastline
54,716 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
note: note: measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
note: note: measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
Climate
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Terrain
mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains
Elevation
highest point: Puncak Jaya 4,884 m
lowest point: Indian/Pacific Oceans 0 m
mean elevation: 367 m
lowest point: Indian/Pacific Oceans 0 m
mean elevation: 367 m
Natural resources
petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
note: note: Indonesia is the World's leading producer of nickel with an output of 1.6 million mt in 2022
Reference: 2022note: note: Indonesia is the World's leading producer of nickel with an output of 1.6 million mt in 2022
Land use
agricultural land: 29.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 9.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 13.9% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 5.8% (2023 est.)
forest: 50.6% (2023 est.)
other: 20.3% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 9.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 13.9% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 5.8% (2023 est.)
forest: 50.6% (2023 est.)
other: 20.3% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
67,220 sq km (2012)
Reference: 2012Major lakes (area sq km)
fresh water lake(s): Danau Toba - 1,150 sq km
note - located in the caldera of a super volcano that erupted more than 70,000 years ago; it is the largest volcanic lake in the World
note - located in the caldera of a super volcano that erupted more than 70,000 years ago; it is the largest volcanic lake in the World
Major rivers (by length in km)
Sepik (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,126 km; Fly (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,050 km
note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Population distribution
major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands, Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated
Natural hazards
occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires
volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world, with over 75 historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; in 2018, a large explosion and flank collapse destroyed most of the island of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) and generated a deadly tsunami that left more than 400 dead; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, Sinabung, and Tambora; see note 2 under "Geography - note"
Reference: 2018volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world, with over 75 historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; in 2018, a large explosion and flank collapse destroyed most of the island of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) and generated a deadly tsunami that left more than 400 dead; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, Sinabung, and Tambora; see note 2 under "Geography - note"
Geography - note
note 1: 13,466 islands are in the archipelago, of which 922 are permanently inhabited; Indonesia is the world's largest country composed solely of islands; the country straddles the equator and occupies a strategic location along major sea lanes from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean
note 2: Indonesia is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes, up to 90% of the world's earthquakes, and 80% of tsunamis
note 3: despite having the fourth largest population in the world, Indonesia is the most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazon
note 2: Indonesia is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes, up to 90% of the world's earthquakes, and 80% of tsunamis
note 3: despite having the fourth largest population in the world, Indonesia is the most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazon
Population & Society
Nationality
noun: Indonesian(s)
adjective: Indonesian
adjective: Indonesian
Ethnic groups
Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)
Reference: 2010Languages
Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese); note - more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia
major-language sample(s): Fakta Dunia, sumber informasi dasar yang sangat diperlukan. (Indonesian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
major-language sample(s): Fakta Dunia, sumber informasi dasar yang sangat diperlukan. (Indonesian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Muslim 87.4%, Protestant 7.5%, Roman Catholic 3.1%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.8% (includes Buddhist and Confucian) (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022Age structure
0-14 years: 23.8% (male 34,247,218/female 32,701,367)
15-64 years: 68.3% (male 96,268,201/female 95,961,293)
65 years and over: 8% (2024 est.) (male 10,284,628/female 12,099,758)
Reference: 202415-64 years: 68.3% (male 96,268,201/female 95,961,293)
65 years and over: 8% (2024 est.) (male 10,284,628/female 12,099,758)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 46.5 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 34.8 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 11.6 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 8.6 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024youth dependency ratio: 34.8 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 11.6 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 8.6 (2024 est.)
Median age
total: 31.5 years (2024 est.)
male: 30.8 years
female: 32.3 years
Reference: 2024male: 30.8 years
female: 32.3 years
Population growth rate
0.73% (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Birth rate
14.8 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Death rate
6.8 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Population distribution
major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands, Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated
Major urban areas - population
11.249 million JAKARTA (capital), 3.729 million Bekasi, 3.044 million Surabaya, 3.041 million Depok, 2.674 million Bandung, 2.514 million Tangerang (2023)
Reference: 2023Sex ratio
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Reference: 20240-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
22.4 years (2017 est.)
note: note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49
Reference: 2017note: note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49
Maternal mortality ratio
140 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Gross reproduction rate
0.96 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Drinking water source
improved: urban: urban: 98.3% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 88.3% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 94.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 1.7% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 11.7% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 5.9% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 88.3% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 94.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 1.7% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 11.7% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 5.9% of population (2022 est.)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 3.7% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 8% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 8% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
0.52 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Reference: 2023Hospital bed density
1.4 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Reference: 2021Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: urban: 97.4% of population (2022 est.)
improved: rural: rural: 91.1% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 94.7% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 2.6% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 8.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 5.3% of population (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022improved: rural: rural: 91.1% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total: total: 94.7% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban: urban: 2.6% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural: rural: 8.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total: total: 5.3% of population (2022 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
6.9% (2016)
Reference: 2016Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 0.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 0.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019beer: 0.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use
total: 39% (2025 est.)
male: 74.9% (2025 est.)
female: 3.1% (2025 est.)
male: 74.9% (2025 est.)
female: 3.1% (2025 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
15.9% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Currently married women (ages 15-49)
70% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Child marriage
women married by age 15: 2% (2017)
women married by age 18: 16.3% (2017)
Reference: 2017women married by age 18: 16.3% (2017)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 13 years (2023 est.)
male: 13 years (2023 est.)
female: 13 years (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023male: 13 years (2023 est.)
female: 13 years (2023 est.)
People - note
Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the World after China, India, and the United States; more than half of the Indonesian population - roughly 150 million people or 55% - live on the island of Java (about the size of California) making it the most crowded island on earth
Migration & Displacement
Immigrant/emigrant stock measures the number of international migrants resident in, or originating from, the country; it is not the same as annual immigration/emigration flows.
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 11,964 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 95,521 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 2,643 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024IDPs: 95,521 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 2,643 (2024 est.)
Government & Politics
| Office | Holder | Affiliation | From | Status | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Head of state | Prabowo Subianto | — | 2024-10-20 | Current | Reported |
| Head of government | Prabowo Subianto | — | — | Current | Reported |
Country name
conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form: Indonesia
local long form: Republik Indonesia
local short form: Indonesia
former: Netherlands East Indies (Dutch East Indies), Netherlands New Guinea
etymology: the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, "Indos" (India) and "nesoi" (islands), meaning "Indian islands"
conventional short form: Indonesia
local long form: Republik Indonesia
local short form: Indonesia
former: Netherlands East Indies (Dutch East Indies), Netherlands New Guinea
etymology: the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, "Indos" (India) and "nesoi" (islands), meaning "Indian islands"
Capital
name: Jakarta
geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 49 E
time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
time zone note: Indonesia has three time zones
etymology: derives from the Sanscrit name Jayakarta, meaning "victory and prosperity;" Prince FATILLAH conquered and renamed the city, formerly known as Sunda Kelapa, in 1527
note: note: in 2022, the relocation of the country’s capital was approved, from Jakarta to a site on the island of Borneo between Samarinda City and the port city of Balikpapan; Nusantara ("archipelago"), the new capital, was in development as of 2024 and is expected to be completed in 2045
Reference: 2045, 2024, 2022geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 49 E
time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
time zone note: Indonesia has three time zones
etymology: derives from the Sanscrit name Jayakarta, meaning "victory and prosperity;" Prince FATILLAH conquered and renamed the city, formerly known as Sunda Kelapa, in 1527
note: note: in 2022, the relocation of the country’s capital was approved, from Jakarta to a site on the island of Borneo between Samarinda City and the port city of Balikpapan; Nusantara ("archipelago"), the new capital, was in development as of 2024 and is expected to be completed in 2045
Administrative divisions
35 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 1 autonomous province*, 1 special region** (daerah istimewa), and 1 national capital district*** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta***, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Papua Barat Daya (Southwest Papua), Papua Pegunungan (Papua Highlands), Papua Selatan (South Papua), Papua Tengah (Central Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta**
Legal system
civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law
Constitution
history: drafted July to August 1945, effective 18 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions; 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959
amendment process: proposed by the People’s Consultative Assembly, with at least two thirds of its members present; passage requires simple majority vote by the Assembly membership; constitutional articles on the unitary form of the state cannot be amended
Reference: 1959, 1950, 1949, 1945amendment process: proposed by the People’s Consultative Assembly, with at least two thirds of its members present; passage requires simple majority vote by the Assembly membership; constitutional articles on the unitary form of the state cannot be amended
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 continuous years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 continuous years
Suffrage
17 years of age; universal; married persons regardless of age
Executive branch
chief of state: President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024)
head of government: President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
election/appointment process: president and vice president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term)
most recent election date: 14 February 2024
election results: 2024: PRABOWO Subianto elected president (assumes office 20 October 2024); percent of vote - PRABOWO Subianto (GERINDRA) 58.6%, Anies Rasyid BASWEDAN (Independent) 24.9%, GANJAR Pranowo (PDI-P) 16.5%
2019: Joko WIDODO reelected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 55.5%, PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (GERINDRA) 44.5%
expected date of next election: 2029
note: note: the president is both chief of state and head of government
Reference: 2029, 2024, 2019head of government: President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
election/appointment process: president and vice president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term)
most recent election date: 14 February 2024
election results: 2024: PRABOWO Subianto elected president (assumes office 20 October 2024); percent of vote - PRABOWO Subianto (GERINDRA) 58.6%, Anies Rasyid BASWEDAN (Independent) 24.9%, GANJAR Pranowo (PDI-P) 16.5%
2019: Joko WIDODO reelected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 55.5%, PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (GERINDRA) 44.5%
expected date of next election: 2029
note: note: the president is both chief of state and head of government
Legislative branch
legislature name: House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat)
legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 580 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 2/14/2024
parties elected and seats per party: Indonesian Democratic Party - Struggle (PDI-P) (110); Party of Functional Groups (Golkar) (102); Great Indonesia Movement (Gerindra) (86); National Democratic Party (NasDem) (69); National Awakening Party (PKB) (68); Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) (53); National Mandate Party (PAN) (48); Democratic Party (PD) (44)
percentage of women in chamber: 21.9%
expected date of next election: April 2029
Reference: 2029, 2024legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 580 (all directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 2/14/2024
parties elected and seats per party: Indonesian Democratic Party - Struggle (PDI-P) (110); Party of Functional Groups (Golkar) (102); Great Indonesia Movement (Gerindra) (86); National Democratic Party (NasDem) (69); National Awakening Party (PKB) (68); Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) (53); National Mandate Party (PAN) (48); Democratic Party (PD) (44)
percentage of women in chamber: 21.9%
expected date of next election: April 2029
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
subordinate courts: High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
subordinate courts: High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts
Political parties
Democrat Party or PD
Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR
Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA
Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P
National Awakening Party or PKB
National Democratic Party or NasDem
National Mandate Party or PAN
Prosperous Justice Party or PKS
Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR
Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA
Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P
National Awakening Party or PKB
National Democratic Party or NasDem
National Mandate Party or PAN
Prosperous Justice Party or PKS
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador-designate INDROYONO Soesilo; Chargé d'Affaires Nidya KARTIKASARI (since 1 September 2025)
chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200
FAX: [1] (202) 775-5236
email address and website: washington.kbri@kemlu.go.id
Embassy of The Republic of Indonesia, in Washington D.C., The United States of America (kemlu.go.id)
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco
Reference: 2025, 2020chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200
FAX: [1] (202) 775-5236
email address and website: washington.kbri@kemlu.go.id
Embassy of The Republic of Indonesia, in Washington D.C., The United States of America (kemlu.go.id)
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Peter M. HAYMOND (since 15 June 2025)
embassy: Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5, Jakarta 10110
mailing address: 8200 Jakarta Place, Washington DC 20521-8200
telephone: [62] (21) 5083-1000
FAX: [62] (21) 385-7189
email address and website: jakartaacs@state.gov
https://id.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Surabaya
consulate(s): Medan
embassy: Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5, Jakarta 10110
mailing address: 8200 Jakarta Place, Washington DC 20521-8200
telephone: [62] (21) 5083-1000
FAX: [62] (21) 385-7189
email address and website: jakartaacs@state.gov
https://id.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Surabaya
consulate(s): Medan
International organization participation
ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IORA, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, MSG (associate member), NAM, OECD (enhanced engagement), OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Independence
17 August 1945 (declared independence from the Netherlands)
Reference: 1945National holiday
Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
Reference: 1945Flag
description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white
meaning: red stands for courage and white for purity
history: the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries
note: note: similar to the flags of Monaco, which is shorter, and Poland, which is white (top) and red
meaning: red stands for courage and white for purity
history: the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries
note: note: similar to the flags of Monaco, which is shorter, and Poland, which is white (top) and red
National symbol(s)
garuda (mythical bird)
National color(s)
red, white
National anthem(s)
title: "Indonesia Raya" (Great Indonesia)
lyrics/music: Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN
history: adopted 1945
Reference: 1945lyrics/music: Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN
history: adopted 1945
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites: 10 (6 cultural, 4 natural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Borobudur Temple Compounds (c); Komodo National Park (n); Prambanan Temple Compounds (c); Ujung Kulon National Park (n); Sangiran Early Man Site (c); Lorentz National Park (n); Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (n); Cultural Landscape of Bali Province (c); Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto (c); Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks (c)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Borobudur Temple Compounds (c); Komodo National Park (n); Prambanan Temple Compounds (c); Ujung Kulon National Park (n); Sangiran Early Man Site (c); Lorentz National Park (n); Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (n); Cultural Landscape of Bali Province (c); Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto (c); Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks (c)
Government & Official Links
| Institution | Official website | X / Twitter | Verification |
|---|---|---|---|
| Indonesia official website | Official website | — | Reported · source Checked September 20, 2026 |
Institutional accounts only; personal accounts of political office-holders are excluded.
Legislature & Elections
Legislature
| Name | Chamber | Seats | Electoral system |
|---|---|---|---|
| People's Consultative Assembly | — | 732 | — |
Economy
Economic overview
upper middle-income, largest and growing Southeast Asian economy; higher lending rates to moderate inflation; ongoing relocation of capital fueling infrastructure projects; major tourism sector prompting green economy goals
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $4.102 trillion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $3.906 trillion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $3.718 trillion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $3.906 trillion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $3.718 trillion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2024: $14,500 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $13,900 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $13,300 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Real GDP per capita 2023: $13,900 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $13,300 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2021 dollars
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 12.6% (2024 est.)
industry: 39.3% (2024 est.)
services: 43.8% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Reference: 2024industry: 39.3% (2024 est.)
services: 43.8% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption: 55.4% (2024 est.)
government consumption: 7.7% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 29.1% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories: 2.3% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services: 22.2% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services: -20.4% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Reference: 2024government consumption: 7.7% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 29.1% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories: 2.3% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services: 22.2% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services: -20.4% (2024 est.)
note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Agricultural products
oil palm fruit, rice, sugarcane, maize, coconuts, cassava, bananas, eggs, chicken, mangoes/guavas (2023)
note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Reference: 2023note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism
Industrial production growth rate
5.2% (2024 est.)
note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Reference: 2024note: note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Labor force
143.144 million (2024 est.)
note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Reference: 2024note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 13.1% (2024 est.)
male: 13.2% (2024 est.)
female: 13% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Reference: 2024male: 13.2% (2024 est.)
female: 13% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Population below poverty line
9% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Reference: 2024note: note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2024: 34.9 (2024 est.)
note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Reference: 2024note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Average household expenditures
on food: 33.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 7.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023on alcohol and tobacco: 7.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 3.5% (2024 est.)
highest 10%: 28.8% (2024 est.)
note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Reference: 2024highest 10%: 28.8% (2024 est.)
note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances
Remittances 2024: 1.1% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances 2023: 1.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 1% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Remittances 2023: 1.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 1% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget
revenues: $182.658 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures: $204.739 billion (2023 est.)
note: note: central government revenues and expenditures (excluding grants and social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Reference: 2023expenditures: $204.739 billion (2023 est.)
note: note: central government revenues and expenditures (excluding grants and social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Public debt
Public debt 2022: 45.34% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Reference: 2022note: note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Taxes and other revenues
11.6% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Reference: 2022note: note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: -$8.47 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$2.042 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $13.215 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Current account balance 2023: -$2.042 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $13.215 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2024: $300.868 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $291.287 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $315.746 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Exports 2023: $291.287 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $315.746 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
China 24%, USA 9%, India 8%, Japan 8%, Singapore 5% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
coal, palm oil, iron alloys, lignite, garments (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2024: $279.419 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $262.694 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $273.031 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Imports 2023: $262.694 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $273.031 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
China 29%, Singapore 8%, Japan 7%, USA 5%, Malaysia 5% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, crude petroleum, plastics, vehicle parts/accessories, integrated circuits (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $155.708 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $146.359 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $137.222 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $146.359 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $137.222 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Debt - external
Debt - external 2023: $225.273 billion (2023 est.)
note: note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Exchange rates
Currency: Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024: 15,855.448 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 15,236.885 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 14,849.854 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 14,308.144 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 14,582.203 (2020 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Exchange rates 2024: 15,855.448 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 15,236.885 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 14,849.854 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 14,308.144 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 14,582.203 (2020 est.)
Trade
Current account balance
Current account balance 2024: -$8.47 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$2.042 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $13.215 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Current account balance 2023: -$2.042 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $13.215 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Exports
Exports 2024: $300.868 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $291.287 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $315.746 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Exports 2023: $291.287 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $315.746 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports - partners
China 24%, USA 9%, India 8%, Japan 8%, Singapore 5% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
coal, palm oil, iron alloys, lignite, garments (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2024: $279.419 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $262.694 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $273.031 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022Imports 2023: $262.694 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $273.031 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports - partners
China 29%, Singapore 8%, Japan 7%, USA 5%, Malaysia 5% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, crude petroleum, plastics, vehicle parts/accessories, integrated circuits (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Energy & Resources
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 70.826 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 356.135 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 828.198 million kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 27.477 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 356.135 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 828.198 million kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 27.477 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 82% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 6.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
geothermal: 4.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 6.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023solar: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 6.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
geothermal: 4.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 6.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Coal
production: 783.453 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption: 281.159 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 519.23 million metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 16.935 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 35.055 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 281.159 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 519.23 million metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 16.935 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 35.055 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
total petroleum production: 865,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 1.645 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 2.48 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2021refined petroleum consumption: 1.645 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 2.48 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas
production: 58.691 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption: 38.378 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 20.989 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 727.056 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 1.408 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2021consumption: 38.378 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 20.989 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 727.056 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 1.408 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 37.39 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Infrastructure
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 9.16 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3 (2023 est.)
Health
Maternal mortality ratio
140 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 3.7% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 8% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 8% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
0.52 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Reference: 2023Hospital bed density
1.4 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Reference: 2021Obesity - adult prevalence rate
6.9% (2016)
Reference: 2016Tobacco use
total: 39% (2025 est.)
male: 74.9% (2025 est.)
female: 3.1% (2025 est.)
male: 74.9% (2025 est.)
female: 3.1% (2025 est.)
Education
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 13 years (2023 est.)
male: 13 years (2023 est.)
female: 13 years (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023male: 13 years (2023 est.)
female: 13 years (2023 est.)
Rights, Freedoms & Society
Press & Media Freedom
V-Dem expert-coded/modelled source measures. Knelstrom does not create a press-freedom ranking or composite score.
LGBTQ+ Rights & Law
Concrete legal-status fields only; Knelstrom does not generate an LGBTQ rights score or country ranking.
Source: Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory (CC BY-SA 4.0). Community-edited legal-status summary; retrieved by Knelstrom and not legal advice.
Crime & Justice
Legal system
civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
subordinate courts: High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
subordinate courts: High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts
Military & Security
Military and security forces
Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat, TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut, TNI-AL; includes Marine Corps (Korps Marinir or KorMar)), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara, TNI-AU)
Indonesian National Police (aka The State Police of the Republic of Indonesia or POLRI)
Ministry of Transportation: Indonesia Sea and Coast Guard (Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai Republik Indonesia, KPLP); Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs: Maritime Security Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (Badan Keamanan Laut Republik Indonesia, Bakamla) (2025)
note: note 1: the National Police are an independent organization reporting directly to the president of Indonesia
note 2: the KPLP ensures the safety of shipping inside the Indonesian Maritime Zone; the Bakamla conducts security and safety patrols in the territorial waters of Indonesia
Indonesian National Police (aka The State Police of the Republic of Indonesia or POLRI)
Ministry of Transportation: Indonesia Sea and Coast Guard (Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai Republik Indonesia, KPLP); Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs: Maritime Security Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (Badan Keamanan Laut Republik Indonesia, Bakamla) (2025)
note: note 1: the National Police are an independent organization reporting directly to the president of Indonesia
note 2: the KPLP ensures the safety of shipping inside the Indonesian Maritime Zone; the Bakamla conducts security and safety patrols in the territorial waters of Indonesia
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2024: 0.8% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 0.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 0.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 0.8% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2020: 0.8% of GDP (2020 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Military Expenditures 2023: 0.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 0.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 0.8% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2020: 0.8% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 400,000 active Armed Forces, including about 300,000 Army (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military's inventory is a wide mix of Chinese, Russian, and Western (including US) equipment; in recent years, major suppliers have included China, France, Germany, the Netherlands, South Korea, and the US; the TNI has been engaged in a modernization program for more than a decade; Indonesia has a growing defense industry fueled by technology transfers and cooperation agreements with several countries; in 2019, the Indonesian Government said that growing its domestic defense industry would be a national priority over the following decade (2024)
Reference: 2024, 2019Military service age and obligation
18-45 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women, with selective conscription authorized (men, age 18), but not utilized; 24-month service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers) (2024)
note: note: as of 2023, women comprised about 7% of the Indonesian military
Reference: 2024, 2023note: note: as of 2023, women comprised about 7% of the Indonesian military
Military deployments
225 (plus about 140 police) Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,025 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 1,225 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2024)
Reference: 2024Military - note
the military is responsible for external defense, combatting separatism, and responding to national emergencies and natural disasters; in certain conditions it may provide operational support to police, such as for counterterrorism operations, maintaining public order, and addressing communal conflicts
key operational priorities include an insurgency on Papua and the security of Indonesia's vast maritime domain; the West Papua Liberation Army, the military wing of the Free Papua Organization, has been fighting a low-level insurgency in Papua since Indonesia annexed the former Dutch colony in the 1960s; maritime issues include piracy, transnational crime, illegal fishing, and incursions by People's Republic of China (PRC) vessels; Indonesia is not a formal claimant in the South China Sea, although some of its waters lie within the PRC's “nine-dash line” maritime claims, resulting in some stand offs in recent years; over the past decade, the Indonesian military has bolstered its presence on and around the strategically located Natuna Islands (2025)
key operational priorities include an insurgency on Papua and the security of Indonesia's vast maritime domain; the West Papua Liberation Army, the military wing of the Free Papua Organization, has been fighting a low-level insurgency in Papua since Indonesia annexed the former Dutch colony in the 1960s; maritime issues include piracy, transnational crime, illegal fishing, and incursions by People's Republic of China (PRC) vessels; Indonesia is not a formal claimant in the South China Sea, although some of its waters lie within the PRC's “nine-dash line” maritime claims, resulting in some stand offs in recent years; over the past decade, the Indonesian military has bolstered its presence on and around the strategically located Natuna Islands (2025)
International Relations
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador-designate INDROYONO Soesilo; Chargé d'Affaires Nidya KARTIKASARI (since 1 September 2025)
chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200
FAX: [1] (202) 775-5236
email address and website: washington.kbri@kemlu.go.id
Embassy of The Republic of Indonesia, in Washington D.C., The United States of America (kemlu.go.id)
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco
Reference: 2025, 2020chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200
FAX: [1] (202) 775-5236
email address and website: washington.kbri@kemlu.go.id
Embassy of The Republic of Indonesia, in Washington D.C., The United States of America (kemlu.go.id)
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Peter M. HAYMOND (since 15 June 2025)
embassy: Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5, Jakarta 10110
mailing address: 8200 Jakarta Place, Washington DC 20521-8200
telephone: [62] (21) 5083-1000
FAX: [62] (21) 385-7189
email address and website: jakartaacs@state.gov
https://id.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Surabaya
consulate(s): Medan
embassy: Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5, Jakarta 10110
mailing address: 8200 Jakarta Place, Washington DC 20521-8200
telephone: [62] (21) 5083-1000
FAX: [62] (21) 385-7189
email address and website: jakartaacs@state.gov
https://id.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Surabaya
consulate(s): Medan
International organization participation
ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IORA, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, MSG (associate member), NAM, OECD (enhanced engagement), OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Treaties & Organisations
| Organisation | Status | Joined |
|---|---|---|
| ASEAN (ASEAN) | member | 1967-08-08 |
| BRICS (BRICS) | member | — |
| G20 (G20) | member | — |
| OPEC (OPEC) | member | — |
| United Nations (UN) | member | 1966-09-28 |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | member | — |
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
International organization participation
ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IORA, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, MSG (associate member), NAM, OECD (enhanced engagement), OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Conflict & Security
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 11,964 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 95,521 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 2,643 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024IDPs: 95,521 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 2,643 (2024 est.)
Terrorist group(s)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (aka Jemaah Anshorut Daulah); Jemaah Islamiyah
note: note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
note: note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
Transportation & Logistics
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
PK
Airports
556 (2025)
Heliports
53 (2025)
Railways
total: 8,159 km (2014)
narrow gauge: 8,159 km (2014) 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified)
note: note: 4,816 km operational
Reference: 2014narrow gauge: 8,159 km (2014) 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified)
note: note: 4,816 km operational
Merchant marine
total: 11,422 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 160, container ship 219, general cargo 2,347, oil tanker 714, other 7,982
Reference: 2023by type: bulk carrier 160, container ship 219, general cargo 2,347, oil tanker 714, other 7,982
Ports
total ports: 123 (2024)
large: 3
medium: 6
small: 18
very small: 96
ports with oil terminals: 79
key ports: Belawan, Cilacap, Dumai, Jakarta, Kasim Terminal, Merak Mas Terminal, Palembang, Surabaya, Ujung Pandang
Reference: 2024large: 3
medium: 6
small: 18
very small: 96
ports with oil terminals: 79
key ports: Belawan, Cilacap, Dumai, Jakarta, Kasim Terminal, Merak Mas Terminal, Palembang, Surabaya, Ujung Pandang
Environment
Environmental issues
large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires cause heavy smog; over-exploitation of marine resources; air pollution from vehicle emissions; waste disposal; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage
International environmental agreements
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Reference: 2006signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Climate
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Land use
agricultural land: 29.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 9.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 13.9% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 5.8% (2023 est.)
forest: 50.6% (2023 est.)
other: 20.3% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 9.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 13.9% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 5.8% (2023 est.)
forest: 50.6% (2023 est.)
other: 20.3% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 58.6% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2020rate of urbanization: 1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions: 829.655 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 527.923 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 223.352 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 78.38 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023from coal and metallurgical coke: 527.923 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 223.352 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 78.38 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
18.4 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019Methane emissions
energy: 3,621.7 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture: 3,379.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 4,200.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 165.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022, 2021, 2019agriculture: 3,379.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 4,200.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 165.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 65.2 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 15.2% (2022 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 15.2% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 23.8 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial: 9.135 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 189.7 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022industrial: 9.135 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 189.7 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total renewable water resources
2.019 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022Geoparks
total global geoparks and regional networks: 12 (2025)
global geoparks and regional networks: Batur; Belitong; Ciletuh - Palabuhanratu; Gunung Sewu; Ijen; Kebumen; Maros Pangkep; Merangin Jambi; Meratus; Raja Ampat; Rinjani-Lombok; Toba Caldera (2025)
global geoparks and regional networks: Batur; Belitong; Ciletuh - Palabuhanratu; Gunung Sewu; Ijen; Kebumen; Maros Pangkep; Merangin Jambi; Meratus; Raja Ampat; Rinjani-Lombok; Toba Caldera (2025)
Communications & Media
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 9.16 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3 (2023 est.)
Broadcast media
mix of about a dozen national TV networks, including 1 public broadcaster and the rest private; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; more than 700 radio stations, with over 650 privately operated (2019)
Reference: 2019Internet country code
.id
Historical Trends
Population
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Population data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 264,627,418 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 267,346,658 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 269,951,846 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 272,489,381 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 274,814,866 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 276,758,053 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 278,830,529 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 281,190,067 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 283,487,931 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 285,721,236 | world_bank_wdi |
GDP (current US$)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View GDP (current US$) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | $931,877,364,038 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | $1,015,618,744,160 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | $1,042,271,532,989 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | $1,119,099,871,350 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | $1,059,054,842,699 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | $1,186,509,691,087 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | $1,319,101,183,380 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | $1,371,166,925,750 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | $1,396,301,788,462 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | $1,445,642,584,164 | world_bank_wdi |
International migrant stock (immigrants)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International migrant stock (immigrants) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 306,702 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 445,726 | world_bank_wdi |
International emigrant stock
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International emigrant stock data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 1,309,876 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 1995 | 1,664,243 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2000 | 2,128,328 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2005 | 2,406,449 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2010 | 3,031,600 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2015 | 3,269,321 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2020 | 3,446,736 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2024 | 3,745,148 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
Net migration
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Net migration data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | -28,991 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | -29,467 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | -29,911 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | -30,421 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | -18,743 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | -11,248 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | -37,501 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | -37,501 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | -38,469 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | -39,509 | world_bank_wdi |
Sources & Methodology
Current statistical observations include their reference period and provenance. Reference fields from approved source datasets are attributed below. Missing information is left unknown rather than inferred.
| Indicator | Value | Period | Source | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 285,721,236 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| UN Population Division population estimate | 287,886,783 | 2026 | UN Population Division Data Portal | Estimated |
| Wikidata population (fallback) | 275,439,000 | 2021 | Wikidata | Reported |
| International migrant stock (immigrants) | 445,726 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International migrant stock | 0.2% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International emigrant stock | 3,745,148 | 2024 | UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2024 | Estimated |
| Net migration | -39,509 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Refugees from this country | 9,215 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Asylum seekers from this country | 8,205 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Freedom of expression & alternative information index | 0.688 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Government censorship effort — media | 0.218 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Harassment of journalists | 0.325 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Print/broadcast media critical of government | 1.361 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Range of perspectives in major media | 1.603 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media bias | 1.433 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media self-censorship | 1.029 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Same-sex sexual activity | Ambiguous Not criminalized in private relationship. Illegal under morality laws and Aceh; Penalty: Up to 1.5 years imprisonment | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex marriage | No No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex adoption | No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Open military service | No No Not explicitly prohibited by Law (de jure), Illegal (de facto) | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law | Ambiguous Ambiguous Circular letter bans hate speech based on sexual orientation but enforcement inconsistent and discrimination still active. | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Gender identity / expression law | Yes Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| GDP (current US$) | $1,445,642,584,164 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP per capita (current US$) | $5,060 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP growth | 5.1% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Inflation, consumer prices | 1.9% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Unemployment | 3.2% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Income level | Upper middle income | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Life expectancy at birth | 71.3 years | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fertility rate | 2.1 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Urban population | 59.4% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Individuals using the Internet | 72.8% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Exports of goods and services | 22.8% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Imports of goods and services | 20.5% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Trade | 43.4% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Adult literacy rate | 96.0% | 2020 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secondary school enrolment, gross | 97.2% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Government education expenditure | 1.3% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Access to electricity | 99.9% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Electric power consumption | 1,445 kWh/person | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Renewable energy consumption | 20.2% | 2021 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Current health expenditure | 2.7% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Infant mortality rate | 15.2 per 1,000 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Forest area | 47.7% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Mobile cellular subscriptions | 122.5 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fixed broadband subscriptions | 4.9 per 100 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secure Internet servers | 2,939 per million | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude | -6.1975° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Longitude | 106.8300° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude (Wikidata) | -2.0000° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Longitude (Wikidata) | 118.0000° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Time zone | Indonesia Western Standard Time, Indonesia Central Standard Time, Indonesia Eastern Standard Time, Asia/Jakarta, Asia/Pontianak, Asia/Makassar, Asia/Jayapura | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Form of government | republic, presidential system | current | Wikidata | Reported |
Data attribution
Credits below are generated from sources actually used by this country profile. Source-specific terms take precedence.
- CIA World Factbook, final 2025 country profile (structured via factbook.json). Accessed September 20, 2026. U.S. Government public-domain data; retained as a reference source where a newer approved field is not available. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, International Migrant Stock 2024; data access/processing via Our World in Data. Accessed September 20, 2026. Underlying UN dataset used under CC BY 3.0 IGO. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects (WPP indicator 49) Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 3.0 IGO; current-year WPP population values are presented as estimates/projections where applicable. Source · Terms/licence
- Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), Country-Year Dataset v16 (variables: v2mebias, v2mecenefm, v2mecrit, v2meharjrn, v2merange, v2meslfcen, v2x_freexp_altinf) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0; V-Dem measures are expert-coded/modelled and no V-Dem endorsement is implied. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikidata structured data (CC0). Accessed September 20, 2026. Attribution is provided by Knelstrom for provenance although CC0 does not require it. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikipedia, “LGBTQ rights by country or territory” (source revision/data fields: Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Gender identity / expression law, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Open military service, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex adoption, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex marriage, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex sexual activity, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0. Knelstrom changes formatting and presents the imported material as a community-edited legal-status summary, not legal advice or a Knelstrom rights score. Source · Terms/licence
- World Bank, World Development Indicators (series: AG.LND.FRST.ZS, country_metadata, EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS, EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS, EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC, FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG, IT.CEL.SETS.P2, IT.NET.BBND.P2, IT.NET.SECR.P6, IT.NET.USER.ZS, NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS, NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS, NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS, NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG, NY.GDP.PCAP.CD, SE.ADT.LITR.ZS, SE.SEC.ENRR, SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS, SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS, SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS, SM.POP.ASYS.EO, SM.POP.NETM, SM.POP.RHCR.EO, SM.POP.TOTL, SM.POP.TOTL.ZS, SP.DYN.IMRT.IN, SP.DYN.LE00.IN, SP.DYN.TFRT.IN, SP.POP.TOTL, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS) Accessed September 20, 2026. Data used under CC BY 4.0; Knelstrom presentation/formatting may differ from the source. Source · Terms/licence
Knelstrom does not imply endorsement by any listed data provider.
Last automated statistical refresh: 2026-09-20 02:05:16