Knelstrom Intelligence · World Factbook
Eritrea
دولة إرتريا
CapitalAsmara
Population3,607,003
GDP$2.1bn
Area117,600 km²
RegionSub-Saharan Africa
Data sources current · last checked September 20, 2026 2:10 am
Country facts
Overview
Background
Eritrea won independence from Italian colonial control in 1941, but the UN only established it as an autonomous region within the Ethiopian federation in 1952, after a decade of British administrative control. Ethiopia's full annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a violent 30-year conflict for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean fighters defeating government forces. Eritreans overwhelmingly approved independence in a 1993 referendum. ISAIAS Afwerki has been Eritrea's only president since independence; his rule, particularly since 2001, has been characterized by highly autocratic and repressive actions. His government has created a highly militarized society by instituting an unpopular program of mandatory conscription into national service -- divided between military and civilian service -- of indefinite length.
A two-and-a-half-year border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN auspices in 2000. Ethiopia rejected a subsequent 2007 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC) demarcation. More than a decade of a tense “no peace, no war” stalemate ended in 2018 when the newly elected Ethiopian prime minister accepted the EEBC’s 2007 ruling, and the two countries signed declarations of peace and friendship. Eritrean leaders then engaged in intensive diplomacy around the Horn of Africa, bolstering regional peace, security, and cooperation, as well as brokering rapprochements between governments and opposition groups. In 2018, the UN Security Council lifted an arms embargo that had been imposed on Eritrea since 2009, after the UN Somalia-Eritrea Monitoring Group reported they had not found evidence of Eritrean support in recent years for al-Shabaab. The country’s rapprochement with Ethiopia led to a resumption of economic ties, but the level of air transport, trade, and tourism have remained roughly the same since late 2020.
The Eritrean economy remains agriculture-dependent, and the country is still one of Africa’s poorest nations. Eritrea faced new international condemnation and US sanctions in mid-2021 for its participation in the war in Ethiopia’s Tigray Regional State, where Eritrean forces were found to have committed war crimes and crimes against humanity. As most Eritrean troops were departing northern Ethiopia in January 2023, ISAIAS began a series of diplomatic engagements aimed at bolstering Eritrea’s foreign partnerships and regional influence. Despite the country's improved relations with its neighbors, ISAIAS has not let up on repression, and conscription and militarization continue.
Reference: 2023, 2021, 2020, 2018A two-and-a-half-year border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN auspices in 2000. Ethiopia rejected a subsequent 2007 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC) demarcation. More than a decade of a tense “no peace, no war” stalemate ended in 2018 when the newly elected Ethiopian prime minister accepted the EEBC’s 2007 ruling, and the two countries signed declarations of peace and friendship. Eritrean leaders then engaged in intensive diplomacy around the Horn of Africa, bolstering regional peace, security, and cooperation, as well as brokering rapprochements between governments and opposition groups. In 2018, the UN Security Council lifted an arms embargo that had been imposed on Eritrea since 2009, after the UN Somalia-Eritrea Monitoring Group reported they had not found evidence of Eritrean support in recent years for al-Shabaab. The country’s rapprochement with Ethiopia led to a resumption of economic ties, but the level of air transport, trade, and tourism have remained roughly the same since late 2020.
The Eritrean economy remains agriculture-dependent, and the country is still one of Africa’s poorest nations. Eritrea faced new international condemnation and US sanctions in mid-2021 for its participation in the war in Ethiopia’s Tigray Regional State, where Eritrean forces were found to have committed war crimes and crimes against humanity. As most Eritrean troops were departing northern Ethiopia in January 2023, ISAIAS began a series of diplomatic engagements aimed at bolstering Eritrea’s foreign partnerships and regional influence. Despite the country's improved relations with its neighbors, ISAIAS has not let up on repression, and conscription and militarization continue.
Geography
Location
Eastern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Djibouti and Sudan
Map references
Africa
Area
total: 117,600 sq km
land: 101,000 sq km
water: 16,600 sq km
land: 101,000 sq km
water: 16,600 sq km
Area - comparative
slightly smaller than Pennsylvania
Land boundaries
total: 1,840 km
border countries: Djibouti 125 km; Ethiopia 1,033 km; Sudan 682 km
border countries: Djibouti 125 km; Ethiopia 1,033 km; Sudan 682 km
Coastline
2,234 km (mainland on Red Sea 1,151 km; islands in Red Sea 1,083 km)
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate
hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands
Terrain
dominated by extension of Ethiopian north-south trending highlands, descending on the east to a coastal desert plain, on the northwest to hilly terrain and on the southwest to flat-to-rolling plains
Elevation
highest point: Soira 3,018 m
lowest point: near Kulul within the Danakil Depression -75 m
mean elevation: 853 m
lowest point: near Kulul within the Danakil Depression -75 m
mean elevation: 853 m
Natural resources
gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, possibly oil and natural gas, fish
Land use
agricultural land: 62.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 5.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 56.9% (2023 est.)
forest: 12% (2023 est.)
other: 25.3% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 5.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 56.9% (2023 est.)
forest: 12% (2023 est.)
other: 25.3% (2023 est.)
Irrigated land
210 sq km (2012)
Reference: 2012Population distribution
density is highest in the center of the country, in and around the cities of Asmara (capital) and Keren; smaller settlements exist in the north and south, as shown in this population distribution map
Natural hazards
frequent droughts, rare earthquakes and volcanoes; locust swarms
volcanism: Dubbi (1,625 m), which last erupted in 1861, was the country's only historically active volcano until Nabro (2,218 m) came to life in 2011
Reference: 2011volcanism: Dubbi (1,625 m), which last erupted in 1861, was the country's only historically active volcano until Nabro (2,218 m) came to life in 2011
Geography - note
strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest shipping lanes
Population & Society
Nationality
noun: Eritrean(s)
adjective: Eritrean
adjective: Eritrean
Ethnic groups
Tigrinya 50%, Tigre 30%, Saho 4%, Afar 4%, Kunama 4%, Bilen 3%, Hedareb/Beja 2%, Nara 2%, Rashaida 1% (2021 est.)
note: note: data represent Eritrea's nine recognized ethnic groups
Reference: 2021note: note: data represent Eritrea's nine recognized ethnic groups
Languages
Tigrinya (official), Arabic (official), English (official), Tigre, Kunama, Afar, other Cushitic languages
Religions
Eritrean Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Evangelical Lutheran, Sunni Muslim
Age structure
0-14 years: 35.7% (male 1,138,382/female 1,123,925)
15-64 years: 60.3% (male 1,882,547/female 1,944,266)
65 years and over: 4% (2024 est.) (male 101,504/female 153,332)
Reference: 202415-64 years: 60.3% (male 1,882,547/female 1,944,266)
65 years and over: 4% (2024 est.) (male 101,504/female 153,332)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 65.8 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 59.1 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 6.7 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 15 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024youth dependency ratio: 59.1 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 6.7 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 15 (2024 est.)
Median age
total: 21.3 years (2024 est.)
male: 20.8 years
female: 21.8 years
Reference: 2024male: 20.8 years
female: 21.8 years
Population growth rate
1.12% (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Birth rate
26.3 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Death rate
6.5 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Population distribution
density is highest in the center of the country, in and around the cities of Asmara (capital) and Keren; smaller settlements exist in the north and south, as shown in this population distribution map
Major urban areas - population
1.073 million ASMARA (capital) (2023)
Reference: 2023Sex ratio
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Reference: 20240-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
21.3 years (2010 est.)
note: note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-29
Reference: 2010note: note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-29
Maternal mortality ratio
291 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Gross reproduction rate
1.69 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 4.2% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 2.4% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 2.4% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
0.09 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Reference: 2022Hospital bed density
1 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020Obesity - adult prevalence rate
5% (2016)
Reference: 2016Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 0.93 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 0.42 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.51 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019beer: 0.42 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.51 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use
total: 7.5% (2020 est.)
male: 14.7% (2020 est.)
female: 0.2% (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020male: 14.7% (2020 est.)
female: 0.2% (2020 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
52.3% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 8 years (2015 est.)
male: 9 years (2015 est.)
female: 7 years (2015 est.)
Reference: 2015male: 9 years (2015 est.)
female: 7 years (2015 est.)
Migration & Displacement
Immigrant/emigrant stock measures the number of international migrants resident in, or originating from, the country; it is not the same as annual immigration/emigration flows.
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 119 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Government & Politics
| Office | Holder | Affiliation | From | Status | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Head of state | Isaias Afwerki | — | 1993-00-00 | Current | Reported |
| Head of government | Isaias Afwerki | — | 1993-00-00 | Current | Reported |
Country name
conventional long form: State of Eritrea
conventional short form: Eritrea
local long form: Hagere Ertra
local short form: Ertra
former: Eritrea Autonomous Region in Ethiopia
etymology: the country name derives from the ancient Greek name Erythra Thalassa, meaning "Red Sea," the body of water that borders the country
conventional short form: Eritrea
local long form: Hagere Ertra
local short form: Ertra
former: Eritrea Autonomous Region in Ethiopia
etymology: the country name derives from the ancient Greek name Erythra Thalassa, meaning "Red Sea," the body of water that borders the country
Government type
presidential republic
Capital
name: Asmara
geographic coordinates: 15 20 N, 38 56 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: the name's origin is unclear; according to Tigrinya oral tradition, the name is part of a phrase meaning "the women made them unite," referring to a group of women who made four clans unite to defeat a common enemy; asmara also means "flowery wood" in the Tigrinya language
geographic coordinates: 15 20 N, 38 56 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: the name's origin is unclear; according to Tigrinya oral tradition, the name is part of a phrase meaning "the women made them unite," referring to a group of women who made four clans unite to defeat a common enemy; asmara also means "flowery wood" in the Tigrinya language
Administrative divisions
6 regions (zobatat, singular - zoba); 'Anseba, Debub (South), Debubawi K'eyyih Bahri (Southern Red Sea), Gash-Barka, Ma'ikel (Central), Semienawi K'eyyih Bahri (Northern Red Sea)
Legal system
mixed system of civil, customary, and Islamic religious law
Constitution
history: ratified by the Constituent Assembly 23 May 1997 (never implemented)
amendment process: proposed by the president of Eritrea or by assent of at least one half of the National Assembly membership; passage requires at least an initial three-quarters majority vote by the Assembly and, after one year, final passage by at least four-fifths majority vote by the Assembly
Reference: 1997amendment process: proposed by the president of Eritrea or by assent of at least one half of the National Assembly membership; passage requires at least an initial three-quarters majority vote by the Assembly and, after one year, final passage by at least four-fifths majority vote by the Assembly
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Eritrea
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 20 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Eritrea
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 20 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch
chief of state: President ISAIAS Afwerki (since 24 May 1993)
head of government: President ISAIAS Afwerki (since 8 June 1993)
cabinet: State Council appointed by the president
election/appointment process: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term), according to the constitution
most recent election date: 24 May 1993, following independence from Ethiopia
election results: 1993: ISAIAS Afwerki elected president by the transitional National Assembly; percent of National Assembly vote - ISAIAS Afwerki (PFDJ) 95%, other 5%
expected date of next election: postponed indefinitely
note: note: the president is both chief of state and head of government and is head of the State Council and National Assembly
Reference: 1993head of government: President ISAIAS Afwerki (since 8 June 1993)
cabinet: State Council appointed by the president
election/appointment process: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term), according to the constitution
most recent election date: 24 May 1993, following independence from Ethiopia
election results: 1993: ISAIAS Afwerki elected president by the transitional National Assembly; percent of National Assembly vote - ISAIAS Afwerki (PFDJ) 95%, other 5%
expected date of next election: postponed indefinitely
note: note: the president is both chief of state and head of government and is head of the State Council and National Assembly
Legislative branch
legislature name: National Assembly (Hagerawi Baito)
legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 150 (all indirectly elected)
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 2/1/1994
note: note: in 1997, after the new constitution was adopted, the government formed a Transitional National Assembly to serve as the country's legislative body until countrywide elections to form a National Assembly could be held; the constitution stipulates that once past the transition stage, all National Assembly members will be elected by secret ballot of all eligible voters; National Assembly elections scheduled for December 2001 were postponed indefinitely due to the war with Ethiopia; as of 2025, no sitting legislative body exists
Reference: 2025, 2001, 1997, 1994legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 150 (all indirectly elected)
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 2/1/1994
note: note: in 1997, after the new constitution was adopted, the government formed a Transitional National Assembly to serve as the country's legislative body until countrywide elections to form a National Assembly could be held; the constitution stipulates that once past the transition stage, all National Assembly members will be elected by secret ballot of all eligible voters; National Assembly elections scheduled for December 2001 were postponed indefinitely due to the war with Ethiopia; as of 2025, no sitting legislative body exists
Judicial branch
highest court(s): High Court (consists of 20 judges and organized into civil, commercial, criminal, labor, administrative, and customary sections)
judge selection and term of office: High Court judges appointed by the president
subordinate courts: regional/zonal courts; community courts; special courts; sharia courts (for issues dealing with Muslim marriage, inheritance, and family); military courts
judge selection and term of office: High Court judges appointed by the president
subordinate courts: regional/zonal courts; community courts; special courts; sharia courts (for issues dealing with Muslim marriage, inheritance, and family); military courts
Political parties
People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ (the only party recognized by the government)
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Berhane Gebrehiwet SOLOMON (since 15 March 2011)
chancery: 1708 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 319-1991
FAX: [1] (202) 319-1304
email address and website: embassyeritrea@embassyeritrea.org
https://us.embassyeritrea.org/
Reference: 2011, 1991chancery: 1708 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 319-1991
FAX: [1] (202) 319-1304
email address and website: embassyeritrea@embassyeritrea.org
https://us.embassyeritrea.org/
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Christine E. MEYER (since July 2025)
embassy: 179 Alaa Street, Asmara
mailing address: 7170 Asmara Place, Washington DC 20521-7170
telephone: [291] (1) 12-00-04
FAX: [291] (1) 12-75-84
email address and website: consularasmara@state.gov
https://er.usembassy.gov/
embassy: 179 Alaa Street, Asmara
mailing address: 7170 Asmara Place, Washington DC 20521-7170
telephone: [291] (1) 12-00-04
FAX: [291] (1) 12-75-84
email address and website: consularasmara@state.gov
https://er.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
ACP, AfDB, AU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (observer), IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS (observer), MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO
Independence
24 May 1993 (from Ethiopia)
Reference: 1993National holiday
Independence Day, 24 May (1991)
Reference: 1991Flag
description: a red isosceles triangle (based on the left side) divides the flag into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower is blue; a gold wreath around a gold olive branch is on the left side of the red triangle
meaning: green stands for the country's agriculture economy, red for the blood shed in the fight for freedom, and blue for the sea's bounty; the shape of the red triangle mimics the country's shape
note: note: one of four national flags that reflect the country's shape in the flag design; the others are Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, and Vanuatu
meaning: green stands for the country's agriculture economy, red for the blood shed in the fight for freedom, and blue for the sea's bounty; the shape of the red triangle mimics the country's shape
note: note: one of four national flags that reflect the country's shape in the flag design; the others are Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, and Vanuatu
National symbol(s)
camel
National color(s)
green, red, blue
National coat of arms
Eritrea adopted its coat of arms on May 24, 1993, when it won independence from Ethiopia; the camel was used to transport supplies and goods during the war, and it became a symbol of the country’s success; the olive wreath represents peace, reconciliation, and harmony; under the camel is name of the country in its three official languages: Tigrinya, English, and Arabic
Reference: 1993National anthem(s)
title: "Ertra, Ertra, Ertra" (Eritrea, Eritrea, Eritrea)
lyrics/music: SOLOMON Tsehaye Beraki/Isaac Abraham MEHAREZGI and ARON Tekle Tesfatsion
history: adopted 1993, after gaining independence from Ethiopia
Reference: 1993lyrics/music: SOLOMON Tsehaye Beraki/Isaac Abraham MEHAREZGI and ARON Tekle Tesfatsion
history: adopted 1993, after gaining independence from Ethiopia
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Asmara: A Modernist African City
selected World Heritage Site locales: Asmara: A Modernist African City
Government & Official Links
| Institution | Official website | X / Twitter | Verification |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eritrea official website | Official website | — | Reported · source Checked September 20, 2026 |
Institutional accounts only; personal accounts of political office-holders are excluded.
Legislature & Elections
Legislature
| Name | Chamber | Seats | Electoral system |
|---|---|---|---|
| National Assembly | — | 104 | — |
Economy
Economic overview
largely agrarian economy with a significant mining sector; substantial fiscal surplus due to tight controls; high and vulnerable debts; increased Ethiopian trade and shared port usage decreasing prices; financial and economic data integrity challenges
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $2.534 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $2.465 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $2.398 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2015 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2015Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $2.465 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $2.398 billion (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2015 dollars
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2024: $700 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $700 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $700 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2015 dollars
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2015Real GDP per capita 2023: $700 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $700 (2022 est.)
note: note: data in 2015 dollars
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 7.4% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021: 6.6% (2021 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020: 5.6% (2020 est.)
note: note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Reference: 2022, 2021, 2020Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021: 6.6% (2021 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020: 5.6% (2020 est.)
note: note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Agricultural products
sorghum, milk, barley, vegetables, root vegetables, cereals, pulses, wheat, beef, maize (2023)
note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Reference: 2023note: note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
food processing, beverages, clothing and textiles, light manufacturing, salt, cement
Labor force
1.71 million (2024 est.)
note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Reference: 2024note: note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 9.4% (2024 est.)
male: 8.5% (2024 est.)
female: 10.5% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Reference: 2024male: 8.5% (2024 est.)
female: 10.5% (2024 est.)
note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Budget
revenues: $633 million (2018 est.)
expenditures: $549 million (2018 est.)
Reference: 2018expenditures: $549 million (2018 est.)
Public debt
Public debt 2016: 132.8% of GDP (2016 est.)
Reference: 2016Exports
Exports 2017: $624.3 million (2017 est.)
Exports 2016: $485.4 million (2016 est.)
Exports 2011: $374.898 million (2011 est.)
Reference: 2017, 2016, 2011Exports 2016: $485.4 million (2016 est.)
Exports 2011: $374.898 million (2011 est.)
Exports - partners
China 67%, UAE 26%, Philippines 5%, Italy 1%, Croatia 1% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
copper ore, zinc ore, gold, garments, liquor (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2010: $494.229 million (2010 est.)
Imports 2009: $435.275 million (2009 est.)
Reference: 2010, 2009Imports 2009: $435.275 million (2009 est.)
Imports - partners
China 32%, UAE 27%, Turkey 9%, USA 7%, Italy 5% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
trucks, sorghum, construction vehicles, wheat flours, other foods (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2019: $191.694 million (2019 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2018: $163.034 million (2018 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2017: $143.412 million (2017 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reference: 2019, 2018, 2017Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2018: $163.034 million (2018 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2017: $143.412 million (2017 est.)
note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Debt - external
Debt - external 2023: $461.376 million (2023 est.)
note: note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Exchange rates
Currency: nakfa (ERN) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2024: 15.075 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 15.075 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 15.075 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 15.075 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 15.075 (2020 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021Exchange rates 2024: 15.075 (2024 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 15.075 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 15.075 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 15.075 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 15.075 (2020 est.)
Trade
Exports
Exports 2017: $624.3 million (2017 est.)
Exports 2016: $485.4 million (2016 est.)
Exports 2011: $374.898 million (2011 est.)
Reference: 2017, 2016, 2011Exports 2016: $485.4 million (2016 est.)
Exports 2011: $374.898 million (2011 est.)
Exports - partners
China 67%, UAE 26%, Philippines 5%, Italy 1%, Croatia 1% (2023)
note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
copper ore, zinc ore, gold, garments, liquor (2023)
note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
Imports 2010: $494.229 million (2010 est.)
Imports 2009: $435.275 million (2009 est.)
Reference: 2010, 2009Imports 2009: $435.275 million (2009 est.)
Imports - partners
China 32%, UAE 27%, Turkey 9%, USA 7%, Italy 5% (2023)
note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
trucks, sorghum, construction vehicles, wheat flours, other foods (2023)
note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reference: 2023note: note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Energy & Resources
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 243,000 kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 388.987 million kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 51.528 million kWh (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023consumption: 388.987 million kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 51.528 million kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 89.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 10.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023solar: 10.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Petroleum
refined petroleum consumption: 5,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 2.977 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Infrastructure
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 66,000 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2022 est.)
Health
Maternal mortality ratio
291 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 4.2% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 2.4% of national budget (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 2.4% of national budget (2022 est.)
Physician density
0.09 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Reference: 2022Hospital bed density
1 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020Obesity - adult prevalence rate
5% (2016)
Reference: 2016Tobacco use
total: 7.5% (2020 est.)
male: 14.7% (2020 est.)
female: 0.2% (2020 est.)
Reference: 2020male: 14.7% (2020 est.)
female: 0.2% (2020 est.)
Education
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 8 years (2015 est.)
male: 9 years (2015 est.)
female: 7 years (2015 est.)
Reference: 2015male: 9 years (2015 est.)
female: 7 years (2015 est.)
Rights, Freedoms & Society
Press & Media Freedom
V-Dem expert-coded/modelled source measures. Knelstrom does not create a press-freedom ranking or composite score.
LGBTQ+ Rights & Law
Concrete legal-status fields only; Knelstrom does not generate an LGBTQ rights score or country ranking.
Source: Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory (CC BY-SA 4.0). Community-edited legal-status summary; retrieved by Knelstrom and not legal advice.
Crime & Justice
Legal system
mixed system of civil, customary, and Islamic religious law
Judicial branch
highest court(s): High Court (consists of 20 judges and organized into civil, commercial, criminal, labor, administrative, and customary sections)
judge selection and term of office: High Court judges appointed by the president
subordinate courts: regional/zonal courts; community courts; special courts; sharia courts (for issues dealing with Muslim marriage, inheritance, and family); military courts
judge selection and term of office: High Court judges appointed by the president
subordinate courts: regional/zonal courts; community courts; special courts; sharia courts (for issues dealing with Muslim marriage, inheritance, and family); military courts
Military & Security
Military and security forces
Eritrean Defense Forces (EDF): Eritrean Ground Forces, Eritrean Navy, Eritrean Air Force; People's Militia (aka People's Army or Hizbawi Serawit) (2024)
note: note: police are responsible for maintaining internal security, but the government sometimes uses the armed forces, reserves, demobilized soldiers, or civilian militia to meet domestic as well as external security requirements; the armed forces have authority to arrest and detain civilians
Reference: 2024note: note: police are responsible for maintaining internal security, but the government sometimes uses the armed forces, reserves, demobilized soldiers, or civilian militia to meet domestic as well as external security requirements; the armed forces have authority to arrest and detain civilians
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2019: 10% of GDP (2019 est.)
Military Expenditures 2018: 10.2% of GDP (2018 est.)
Military Expenditures 2017: 10.3% of GDP (2017 est.)
Military Expenditures 2016: 10.4% of GDP (2016 est.)
Military Expenditures 2015: 10.6% of GDP (2015 est.)
Reference: 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016Military Expenditures 2018: 10.2% of GDP (2018 est.)
Military Expenditures 2017: 10.3% of GDP (2017 est.)
Military Expenditures 2016: 10.4% of GDP (2016 est.)
Military Expenditures 2015: 10.6% of GDP (2015 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths
available information varies widely; estimated 150,000-200,000 active Defense Forces (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the EDF's inventory is comprised primarily of Soviet-era weapons and equipment (2024)
Reference: 2024Military service age and obligation
Eritrea mandates military service for all citizens age 18-40; 18-month conscript service obligation, which reportedly includes 4-6 months of military training and 12 months of military or other national service (military service is most common); in practice, military and national service is often extended indefinitely; citizens up to the age of 59 eligible for recall during mobilization (2024)
Reference: 2024Military - note
the military’s primary responsibilities are external defense, border security, and providing the regime a vehicle for national cohesion; the conscript-based Army is the dominant service
since the country's independence in 1991, the Eritrean military has participated in numerous conflicts, including the Hanish Island Crisis with Yemen (1995), the First Congo War (1996-1997), the Second Sudanese Civil War (1996-1998), the Eritrea-Ethiopia War (1998-2000), the Djiboutian-Eritrean border conflict (2008), and the Tigray conflict in Ethiopia (2020-2022); during the Tigray conflict, the Eritrean Defense Forces were accused of human rights abuses; in recent years, it has provided training support to the military of Somalia (2025)
Reference: 2025, 2022, 2020, 2008since the country's independence in 1991, the Eritrean military has participated in numerous conflicts, including the Hanish Island Crisis with Yemen (1995), the First Congo War (1996-1997), the Second Sudanese Civil War (1996-1998), the Eritrea-Ethiopia War (1998-2000), the Djiboutian-Eritrean border conflict (2008), and the Tigray conflict in Ethiopia (2020-2022); during the Tigray conflict, the Eritrean Defense Forces were accused of human rights abuses; in recent years, it has provided training support to the military of Somalia (2025)
International Relations
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Berhane Gebrehiwet SOLOMON (since 15 March 2011)
chancery: 1708 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 319-1991
FAX: [1] (202) 319-1304
email address and website: embassyeritrea@embassyeritrea.org
https://us.embassyeritrea.org/
Reference: 2011, 1991chancery: 1708 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 319-1991
FAX: [1] (202) 319-1304
email address and website: embassyeritrea@embassyeritrea.org
https://us.embassyeritrea.org/
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Christine E. MEYER (since July 2025)
embassy: 179 Alaa Street, Asmara
mailing address: 7170 Asmara Place, Washington DC 20521-7170
telephone: [291] (1) 12-00-04
FAX: [291] (1) 12-75-84
email address and website: consularasmara@state.gov
https://er.usembassy.gov/
embassy: 179 Alaa Street, Asmara
mailing address: 7170 Asmara Place, Washington DC 20521-7170
telephone: [291] (1) 12-00-04
FAX: [291] (1) 12-75-84
email address and website: consularasmara@state.gov
https://er.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
ACP, AfDB, AU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (observer), IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS (observer), MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO
Treaties & Organisations
| Organisation | Status | Joined |
|---|---|---|
| African Union (AU) | member | — |
| United Nations (UN) | member | 1993-05-28 |
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
International organization participation
ACP, AfDB, AU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (observer), IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS (observer), MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO
Conflict & Security
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees: 119 (2024 est.)
Reference: 2024Trafficking in persons
tier rating: Tier 3 — Eritrea does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so, therefore Eritrea remained on Tier 3; for more details, go to: https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-trafficking-in-persons-report/eritrea/
Transportation & Logistics
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
E3
Airports
11 (2025)
Railways
total: 306 km (2018)
narrow gauge: 306 km (2018) 0.950-m gauge
Reference: 2018narrow gauge: 306 km (2018) 0.950-m gauge
Merchant marine
total: 9 (2023)
by type: general cargo 4, oil tanker 1, other 4
Reference: 2023by type: general cargo 4, oil tanker 1, other 4
Ports
total ports: 2 (2024)
large: 0
medium: 0
small: 2
very small: 0
ports with oil terminals: 2
key ports: Assab, Mitsiwa Harbor
Reference: 2024large: 0
medium: 0
small: 2
very small: 0
ports with oil terminals: 2
key ports: Assab, Mitsiwa Harbor
Environment
Environmental issues
deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; overgrazing
International environmental agreements
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Paris Agreement
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Paris Agreement
Climate
hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands
Land use
agricultural land: 62.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 5.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 56.9% (2023 est.)
forest: 12% (2023 est.)
other: 25.3% (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 5.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 56.9% (2023 est.)
forest: 12% (2023 est.)
other: 25.3% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 43.3% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 3.67% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Reference: 2023, 2020rate of urbanization: 3.67% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions: 733,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 733,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Reference: 2023from petroleum and other liquids: 733,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
22.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Reference: 2019Methane emissions
energy: 15.7 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture: 117.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 20.5 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 2.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022, 2021, 2019agriculture: 117.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 20.5 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 2.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 727,000 tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 6.8% (2022 est.)
Reference: 2024, 2022percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 6.8% (2022 est.)
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 31 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial: 1 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 550 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022industrial: 1 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 550 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Total renewable water resources
7.315 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022Communications & Media
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 66,000 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2022 est.)
Reference: 2022, 2021subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2022 est.)
Broadcast media
government controls broadcast media, with private ownership prohibited; 1 state-owned TV station; 2 state-owned radio networks; purchases of satellite dishes and subscriptions to international broadcast media are permitted (2023)
Reference: 2023Internet country code
.er
Historical Trends
Population
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Population data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 3,124,698 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | 3,150,347 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | 3,192,760 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | 3,240,194 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | 3,291,271 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | 3,350,183 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | 3,409,447 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | 3,470,390 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 3,535,603 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | 3,607,003 | world_bank_wdi |
View GDP (current US$) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2011 | $2,065,001,626 | world_bank_wdi |
International migrant stock (immigrants)
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International migrant stock (immigrants) data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 13,934 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | 12,512 | world_bank_wdi |
International emigrant stock
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View International emigrant stock data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 156,294 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 1995 | 370,422 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2000 | 505,394 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2005 | 267,114 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2010 | 283,312 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2015 | 478,597 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2020 | 663,275 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
| 2024 | 912,792 | un_migrant_stock_2024 |
Net migration
Source: World Bank WDI. Historical observations shown by reference period.
View Net migration data table
| Period | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | -55,431 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2017 | -38,579 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2018 | -21,403 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2019 | -29,818 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2020 | -14,967 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2021 | -14,966 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2022 | -17,134 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2023 | -15,284 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2024 | -12,696 | world_bank_wdi |
| 2025 | -6,698 | world_bank_wdi |
Sources & Methodology
Current statistical observations include their reference period and provenance. Reference fields from approved source datasets are attributed below. Missing information is left unknown rather than inferred.
| Indicator | Value | Period | Source | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 3,607,003 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| UN Population Division population estimate | 3,682,669 | 2026 | UN Population Division Data Portal | Estimated |
| Wikidata population (fallback) | 3,497,000 | 2019 | Wikidata | Reported |
| International migrant stock (immigrants) | 12,512 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International migrant stock | 0.4% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| International emigrant stock | 912,792 | 2024 | UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2024 | Estimated |
| Net migration | -6,698 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Refugees from this country | 554,891 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Asylum seekers from this country | 118,444 | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Freedom of expression & alternative information index | 0.024 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Government censorship effort — media | -2.983 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Harassment of journalists | -2.439 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Print/broadcast media critical of government | -2.202 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Range of perspectives in major media | -3.063 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media bias | -2.479 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Media self-censorship | -2.768 | 2025 | Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Country-Year Dataset v16 | Estimated |
| Same-sex sexual activity | No Illegal since 23 July 1957 (as the British Military Administration of Eritrea); Penalty: Up to 7 years imprisonment. (rarely enforced) | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Recognition of same-sex relationships | No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex marriage | No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Same-sex adoption | No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Open military service | No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law | No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| Gender identity / expression law | No | current | Wikipedia — LGBTQ rights by country or territory | Reported |
| GDP (current US$) | $2,065,001,626 | 2011 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP per capita (current US$) | $689 | 2011 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| GDP growth | 8.7% | 2011 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Unemployment | 6.0% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Income level | Low income | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Life expectancy at birth | 68.9 years | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fertility rate | 3.7 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Urban population | 34.5% | 2025 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Individuals using the Internet | 14.3% | 2020 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Exports of goods and services | 18.2% | 2011 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Imports of goods and services | 29.2% | 2011 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Trade | 47.4% | 2011 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Adult literacy rate | 64.7% | 2008 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secondary school enrolment, gross | 44.0% | 2022 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Government education expenditure | 2.1% | 2006 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Access to electricity | 55.3% | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Electric power consumption | 123 kWh/person | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Renewable energy consumption | 80.7% | 2021 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Current health expenditure | 3.7% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Infant mortality rate | 24.7 per 1,000 | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Forest area | 8.6% | 2023 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Mobile cellular subscriptions | 59.1 per 100 | 2022 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Fixed broadband subscriptions | 0.2 per 100 | 2022 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Secure Internet servers | 2 per million | 2024 | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude | 15.3315° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Longitude | 38.9183° | current | World Bank — World Development Indicators | Verified |
| Latitude (Wikidata) | 15.4833° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Longitude (Wikidata) | 38.2500° | current | Wikidata | Reported |
| Time zone | UTC+03:00, Africa/Addis_Ababa | current | Wikidata | Reported |
Data attribution
Credits below are generated from sources actually used by this country profile. Source-specific terms take precedence.
- CIA World Factbook, final 2025 country profile (structured via factbook.json). Accessed September 20, 2026. U.S. Government public-domain data; retained as a reference source where a newer approved field is not available. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, International Migrant Stock 2024; data access/processing via Our World in Data. Accessed September 20, 2026. Underlying UN dataset used under CC BY 3.0 IGO. Source · Terms/licence
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects (WPP indicator 49) Accessed September 19, 2026. Used under CC BY 3.0 IGO; current-year WPP population values are presented as estimates/projections where applicable. Source · Terms/licence
- Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), Country-Year Dataset v16 (variables: v2mebias, v2mecenefm, v2mecrit, v2meharjrn, v2merange, v2meslfcen, v2x_freexp_altinf) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0; V-Dem measures are expert-coded/modelled and no V-Dem endorsement is implied. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikidata structured data (CC0). Accessed September 20, 2026. Attribution is provided by Knelstrom for provenance although CC0 does not require it. Source · Terms/licence
- Wikipedia, “LGBTQ rights by country or territory” (source revision/data fields: Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Gender identity / expression law, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Open military service, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Recognition of same-sex relationships, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex adoption, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex marriage, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Same-sex sexual activity, Wikipedia revision 1374406645 — Sexual-orientation anti-discrimination law) Accessed September 20, 2026. Used under CC BY-SA 4.0. Knelstrom changes formatting and presents the imported material as a community-edited legal-status summary, not legal advice or a Knelstrom rights score. Source · Terms/licence
- World Bank, World Development Indicators (series: AG.LND.FRST.ZS, country_metadata, EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS, EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS, EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC, IT.CEL.SETS.P2, IT.NET.BBND.P2, IT.NET.SECR.P6, IT.NET.USER.ZS, NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS, NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS, NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS, NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG, NY.GDP.PCAP.CD, SE.ADT.LITR.ZS, SE.SEC.ENRR, SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS, SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS, SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS, SM.POP.ASYS.EO, SM.POP.NETM, SM.POP.RHCR.EO, SM.POP.TOTL, SM.POP.TOTL.ZS, SP.DYN.IMRT.IN, SP.DYN.LE00.IN, SP.DYN.TFRT.IN, SP.POP.TOTL, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS) Accessed September 20, 2026. Data used under CC BY 4.0; Knelstrom presentation/formatting may differ from the source. Source · Terms/licence
Knelstrom does not imply endorsement by any listed data provider.
Last automated statistical refresh: 2026-09-20 02:05:15